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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 



BARKER 



Anatomical Terminology 

WITH SPECIÁL REFERENCE TO THE [BNA] 



•4 « b 

« > « 3 * 






BY 



LEWELLYS F. BARKER, M.D. 

PROFBSSOR OF MEDICÍNĚ, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF 
ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAI. COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO). 




Mitb IDocabuIaries in Xatin anb lEngltsb 

and f Ilustrations 



PHILADELPHIA: 

P. BLAKISTON'S SON & 
IOI2 Walnut Street. 

1907 



CO. 



• • **• •<* **»* wv*.,. 



Copyright, 1907, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. 



WM. F. PELL COMPANY 

BLECTROTYPER8 AND PRINTER8 

1220-24 8AN80M STREET 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



E8I 

3 255 
l9or 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Introduction, I 

WhAT THE BNA IS, 2 

Why this Review OF Anatomical Terminology was Undertaken, 2 

The Scope of the Work and the Workers, 4 

The Way the Work was Done, 5 

The Principles Arrived at as the Work Proceeded, 6 

The Adoption of the BNA in America and Great Britain, 8 

The Future of Anatomical Te^lminology, 11 

Anatomical Names, 14 

Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, 14 

General Terms, 14 

Terms Relating to the Extremities, 14 

General Anatomical Terms, 15 

Parts of the Human Body, 17 

Head, 17 

Skuli, 17 

Face, 17 

Eye, 17 

Nose, 17 

Mouth, 17 

Neck, 17 

Trunk, 17 

Thorax, 17 

Back, 17 

Belly, 18 

Pelvis, 18 

Upper Extremities, 18 

Lower Extremities, 18 

OSTEOLOGY, 19 

Vertebral Column, or Spině, 19 

Atlas, 19 

Epistropheus (O. T. Axis), 20 

Sacrum, 20 

Coccyx, 20 

Thorax, 20 

Ribs, 20 

Breast Bone, 20 

Thoracic Cavity, 20 

Bones of the Skuli, 20 

BasUar Bone, 20 

Occipital Bone, ♦. 20 

Sphenoid Bone, 21 

Temporal Bone, 22 

Parietal Bone, ' 23 

Frontal Bone, 23 

Ethmoid Bone, 23 

Inferior Turbinated Bone, 24 

Lacrímal Bone, 24 

Nasál Bone, 24 

Vomer, or Ploughshare, Bone, 24 

Bones of the Face, 24 

Maxilla (O. T. Superior Maxillary Bone), 24 

Palatě Bone, 24 

• •• 

lU 



iv CONTENTS 

OSTEOLOGY {Continued) page 

Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle), 34 

Sacro-Iliac Joint, 35 

Symphysis of Pubic Bones, 35 

Hip Joint, 35 

Knee Joint, : 35 

Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tlbiofibular Articulation), 35 

Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35 

Joints of the Foot, 35 

Ankle Joint, , 35 

Intertarsal Joints, 36 

Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, 36 

Talocalcanean Joint, 36 

Choparťs Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus, 36 

Talonavicular Joint, 36 

Calcaneocuboid Joint, 36 

Cuneonavicular Joint, 36 

Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Dorsal Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Plantar Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Tarsometatarsal Joints, 36 

Intermetatarsal Joints, 36 

Metatarsophalangeal Joints, . . .• 36 

Joints of the Tóes, 37 

Myology or Musculature, 37 

Muscles of the Back, 37 

Muscles of the Head, 38 

Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, 38 

Muscles of the Neck, 38 

Muscles of the Thorax, 39 

Muscles of the Abdomen, 39 

Coccygeal Muscles, 40 

Muscles of the Upper Extremity, 40 

Muscles of the Lower Extremity, 41 

BURSiE AND MUCOUS ShEATHS, 43 

Splanchnology, 45 

Digestive Apparatus, 45 

Mouth Cavity, 45 

Mucous Membráně of the Mouth, 45 

Glands of the Mouth, , 45 

Teeth, 46 

Tongue, 46 

Fauces, 46 

Muscles of the Palatě and Fauces, 47 

Pharynx, 47 

Digestive Tube, 47 

Oesophagus, 47 

Stomach, 47 

Small or Thin Intestine, 48 

Large or Thick Intestine, 48 

Rectum or Straight Gut, 49 

Pancreas, '. 49 

Liver, 49 

Respiratory Apparatus, 50 

Nasál Cavity, \ 50 

External Nose, 51 

Larynx, 51 

Muscles of Larynx, 52 

Cavity of Larynx, 52 

Trachea and Bronchi, 52 

Lung, 52 

Thoracic Cavity, 53 

Thyreoid Gland, 53 

Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland), ^^ 



CONTENTS V 

Respiratory Apparatus {CofUinued) page 

Thymus, 53 

Urogenital Apparatus, 53 

Uropoiétic Organs, 53 

Kidney, 53 

Renal Arteries, 54 

Renal Veins, 54 

Ureter, 54 

Urinary Bladder, 54 

Suprarenal Gland, 54 

Male Genital Organs, 55 

Testicle, 55 

Seminal Vesicle, 55 

Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord, 55 

Prostatě, 55 

Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper's Gland), 56 

Parts of External Genitals, 56 

Penis, 56 

Male Urethra, 56 

Scrotum, 56 

Female Genital Organs, 56 

Ovary, 56 

Uterine Tube (O. T. FallopianTube), 56 

Uterus, 57 

Vagina, 57 

Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller), 57 

External Genital Parts, 57 

Paro-ophoron, 57 

Large Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, 57 

Clitoris, 57 

Female Urethra, 58 

Perineum, 58 

Peritoneum, 58 

Angiology, 60 

Heart, 60 

Right Atrium (O. T. right auricle), 61 

Right Ventricle, 61 

Left Atrium (O. T. Left Auricle), 61 

Left Ventricle, 61 

Arteries, 61 

Pulmonary Artery, 61 

Aorta, 61 

Innominate Artery, 62 

Common Carotid Artery, 62 

External Carotid Artery, 62 

Superior Thyreoid Artery, 62 

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery, 62 

Lingual Artery, 62 

External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery), ! . 62 

Sternocleidomastoid Artery, 62 

Occipital Artery, 62 

Posterior Auricular Artery, 62 

Superficial Temporal Artery, 62 

Interna! Maxillary Artery, 62 

Internal Carotid Artery, 63 

Ophthalmic Artery, • 63 

Cerebral Arteries, 63 

Subclavian Artery, 63 

Vertebral Artery, 63 

Basilar Artery, 63 

Internal Mammary Artery, 63 

Thyreocervical Trunk (O. T. Thyreoid Axis), 63 

Inferior Thyreoid Artery, 63 

Ascending Cervical Artery, 64 



Vi CONTENTS 

Angiology, Subclavian Artery {CorUinued) paoe 

Superficial Cervical Artery, 64 

Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular), 64 

Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal), 64 

Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli), 64 

Axillary Artery, 64 

Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery), 64 

Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis), 64 

Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic), 64 

Subscapular Artery, 64 

Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, • 64 

Posterior Circumíiex Artery of Humerus, 64 

Brachial Artery, 64 

Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda) , 64 

Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda), 64 

Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna), 64 

Radiál Artery, 64 

Ulnar Artery, 65 

Thoracic Aorta, 65 

Intercostal Arteries, 65 

Abdominal Aorta, 65 

Inferior Phrenic Artery, 65 

Lumbar Arteries, 65 

Middle Sacral Artery, 65 

Coeliac Artery, 65 

Superior Mesenteric Artery, 66 

Inferior Mesenteric Artery, 66 

Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery), 66 

Renal Artery, 66 

Interna! Spermatic Artery, 66 

Testicular Artery, 66 

Ovarian Artery, 66 

Common Iliac Artery, 66 

Hypogastric Artery (O. T. Internal Iliac), 66 

Iliolumbar Artery, 66 

I.ateral Sacral Artery, 66 

Obturator Artery, 66 

Superior Gluteal Artery, 66 

Inferior Gluteal Artery, 66 

Umbilical Artery, 66 

Inferior Vesical Artery, 66 

Deferential Artery, 66 

Uterine Artery, 66 

Middle Hemorrhoidal Artery, 66 

Internal Pudendal Artery, 66 

Extemal Iliac Artery, 66 

Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric), 66 

Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery, 67 

Femoral Artery, , 67 

Popliteal Artery, 67 

Anterior Tibial Artery, 67 

Posterior Tibial Artery, 67 

Veins, 68 

Pulmonary Veins, 68 

Veins of the Heart, 68 

Superior Véna Cava, 68 

Right and Left Innominate Veins, 68 

Internal Jugular Vein, 68 

Sinuses of the Důra Mater, 68 

Cerebral Veins, 69 

Superior Ophthalmic Vein, 69 

Common Facial Vein, 69 

Anterior Facial Vein, 69 

Posterior Facial Vein, , 69 



CONTENTS Vii 

Angiolooy, Veins {Continueč) page 

External Jugular Vein, 69 

Subclavian Vein, 70 

Axillary Vein, 70 

Azygos Vein (O. T. Véna Azygos Major), 70 

Inferior Véna Cava, 70 

Portál Vein, 70 

Common Iliac Vein, 71 

Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein), 71 

External Iliac Veins, 71 

Ljrmphatic System, 71 

Lymphatic Vessels, 71 

Thoracic Duet, 72 

Lymph Glands, 72 

Lymphatic Plexuses, 72 

Neurology, 73 

Central Nervous System, 73 

Spinal Cord, 73 

Sections of the Spinal Cord, 73 

Brain, 74 

MeduUary or After-Brain, 74 

Medulla Oblongata, 74 

Sections of Medulla Oblongata, 74 

Fourth Ventricle, : 75 

Hind-Brain, , 75 

Pons ("Bridge") Varolii, 75 

Sections of the Pons, 75 

Cerebellum oř Small Brain, 75 

Sections of Cerebellum, 76 

Isthmus of Rhombencephalon, 76 

Sections of Isthmus, 76 

Cerebrum (Large Brain), 76 

Midbrain, 76 

Inferior Surface, 76 

Peduncle of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 77 

Sections of Cerebral Peduncle, 77 

Quadrigeminal Bodies (O. T. Optic Lobes), 77 

Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, 77 

Forebrain, 77 

Interbrain, 77 

Hypothalamus (O. T. Subthalamic Region), 77 

Sections of the Hypothalamus, 77 

Thalamic Brain, 78 

Thalamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus), 78 

Metathalamus, 78 

Epithalamus, 78 

Sections of the Thalamic Brain, 78 

End-Brain, 78 

Hemisphere, 78 

Brain Mantle, 78 

Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 79 

Fomix, 79 

Transparent Septum, 80 

Lateral Ventricle, 80 

Olfactory Brain, 80 

Sections of End-Brain, 80 

Membranes of Brain, 8r 

Peripheral Nervous System, 81 

Cerebral Nerveš, ^ 81 

Olfactory Nerveš, 81 

Optic Nerve, 81 

Oculomotor Nerve (O. T. Third Nerve), 81 

Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Nerve), 81 

Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve), 82 



Viii CONTENTS 

Neurology, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerveš (Continued) pagk 

Ophthalmic Nerve, 82 

Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary), 82 

Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary), 82 

Abducent Nerve (O. T. Sixth Nerve), 83 

Facial Nerve, 83 

Acoustic (O. T. Auditory Nerve), 83 

Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 83 

Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve), 84 

Accessory Nerve (O. T. Spinal Accessory), 84 

Hypoglossal Nerve, 84 

Spinal Nerveš, 84 

Cervical Nerveš, 85 

Brachial Plexus, 85 

Medián Nerve, 85 

Ulnar Nerve, 85 

Radiál Nerve (O. T. Musculospiral), 86 

Thoracic Nerveš, 86 

Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Nerveš, 86 

Lumbosacral Plexus, 86 

Lumbar Plexus, 86 

Iliohypogastric Nerve, 86 

Ilio-inguinal Nerve, 86 

Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve), 86 

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. Extemal Cutaneous), 86 

Obturator Nerve, 86 

Femoral Nerve (O. T. Anterior Crural), 87 

Sacral Plexus, 87 

Sciatic Nerve (O. T. Great Sciatic), 87 

Pudendal Plexus, Sf 

Coccygeal Nerve, 87 

S)anpathetic System"of Nerveš, 88 

Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Sense Organs and Common Integument, 89 

Organ of Vision, 89 

Eye, 89 

Optic Nerve, 89 

Eyeball, 89 

Fibrous Tunic of Eye, 89 

Sclera (O. T. Scierotic Coat), 89 

Cornea, 89 

Vascular Coat of Eye, 89 

Chorioid, 89 

Ciliary Body, 90 

Iris oř Diaphragm of the Eye, 90 

Layer of Pigment, 90 

Retina, 90 

Anterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 

Posterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 

Vitreous Body, 90 

Crystalline Lens, 90 

Ciliary Zonule (O. T. Zonule of Zinn), 91 

Accessory Organs of the Eye, 91 

Eye Muscles, Orbital Fasciae, 91 

Eyebrow, 91 

Eyelids, 91 

Conjunctiva, 91 

Lacrimal Apparatus, 91 

Organ of Hearing, 92 

Intemal Ear, 92 

Membraneous Labyrinth, 92 

Osseous Labyrinth, 92 



CONTENTS ix 

Sense Organs and Common Integument, Organ of Hearing {Continued) page 

Vestibule, 92 

Cochlea, 92 

Intemal Acoustic Meatus, 93 

Cavity of Tympanum, 93 

Membráně of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead), 93 

Auditory Ossicles, 93 

Joints of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

Ligaments of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

Muscles of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

T)mipanic Mucous Coat, 94 

Auditory or Eustachian Tube, 94 

Extemai Acoustic Meatus, 94 

External Ear, .' 94 

Organ of Smell, , 95 

Organ of Taste, 95 

Common Integument, 95 

Skin, 95 

Epidermis or Scarf Skin, 95 

Corium or Leather Skin, 95 

Subcutaneous Tissue, 95 

Terminál Corpuscles of the Nerveš, 95 

Hair, 95 

Nails, 96 

Glands of the Skin 96 

Coil Glands, 96 

Sebaceous Glands, 96 

Breast, 96 

Regions of the Human Body, 97 

of the Head, 98 

of the Face, 98 

of the Neck, 98 

of the Breast, 99 

of the Abdomen, 99 

of the Back, 99 

of the Upper Extremity, 99 

of the Lower Extremity, 100 

EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CeRTAIN TeRMS, lOI 

COLORED PlATES OF ReGIONS, IO5-IO7 



i 



THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN- 

CLATURE [BNA]. 



Introduction. 

Now that the BNA is being foUowed in medical and scientific schools 
throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language ušed in several of the 
newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred 
to the publishers of Morris^s Anatomy that a concise statement concerning the 
origin and exact nátuře of this Hst of anatomical terms would be interesting 
and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and clinicians. 
They háve asked me to prepare this statement, and I do so gladly, in the hope 
that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know 
of it, and make cleať, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that háve existed in 
the minds of some who háve heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with 
it. To know its origin, nátuře, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of 
instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a generál decision to 
adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research, 
and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following 
paragraphs to show. They háve not been difficult to write, for, aside from the 
experíence I háve gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora- 
tories during the past ten years, the materiál for the account lay ready at hand 
in the articles of Krause * and His f and it has been necessar}' only to adapt 
it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by 
Professor His has been followed especially dosely, and parts of my account are 
no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of 
Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston^s 
Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of 
literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident 
Ph)^ician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to 
prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it 
would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances 
anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen. 
Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he 
desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however, 
to use the originál Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only 
authorized ones. 

* Krause, W. : Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internát. Monatsschr. f . Anat. u. PhysioL, 
1893, X, 313. 

t His, W. : " Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der 
anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen 
Eingeleitet und im Einverstándniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erláutert. Mit dreissig 
Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafein": Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the 
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.) 



2 Anatomical Nomenclature 

Whatthe"BNA"is. 

The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical 
terms (namina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 t>y the Anatomical Society 
as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy 
which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and háve 
been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world, 
working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for 
the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the 
various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs 
not considered in the text-books, and a few cf them are brand-new, introduced 
into the list, where an examination of the literatuře and of anatomical prep- 
arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory. 

One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which 
encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text- 
books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found 
employed, the half of which are synon)mis; and if the anatomical terms ušed in 
the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total nimiber 
amoimts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to háve reduced the 
necessary nimiber of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than 
5000, — an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must 
be thankful. 

Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig- 
uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable 
meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer- 
tain generál principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical terms, 
and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology 
and keeping it uniform as anatomical science continues to develop. 

Why this revision of anatomical terminology was undertaken. 

Previous to undertaking this revision of the names ušed in gross anatomy, 
the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil 
had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris- 
tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves- 
tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator 
was often ignorant of the work doně by others the samé parts were frequently 
difFerently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who 
read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and 
jerected names from the lists ušed by his predecessors as he thought fit. 

It has thus come about that we háve inherited from previous centuries an 
excess of anatomicaj terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul- 
tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric 
nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius 
muscle is known to some as the musculus cucuUaris; the laryngeal prominence 
is also Adam's apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter 
e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m. petro- 
salpingostaphylinus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from 
lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy 
in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous. 
Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent 
at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coli was known also variously as 
the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula 
Falloppii, a certain historical sense may háve been aroused and opportunity 



Why THE Revision Was Undertaken 3 

given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the 
inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious. 

As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books oř mono- 
graphs, a great many terms were proposed which nevěr became current; others 
were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some 
attained to generál anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met 
with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination 
has shown, it was fashion which in her imperíous way decided, sometimes sud- 
denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better. 
The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the 
various anatomical systems, it was scarcelý possible that anatomical terminol- 
ogy as a whole could manifest any generál pian oř háve much uniformity of 
character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent, — full of inequalities, con- 
tradictions, and obscurities. 

The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well- 
known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a 
great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one 
name to each structure, banishing all synon)rms to the footnotes; he waged war 
against personál names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his- 
torícal injustice was frequently doně by their retention. It is to Henle, also, 
that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of 
oríentation, — the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great 
an anatomist as Henle could not simplify anatomical terminology satisfac- 
torily without the sympathetic cooperation of other anatomists. Each great 
medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the 
ph3rsician who tríed to read artides in which the terms of schools other than 
that in which he had been brought up were ušed met with irritating difficulties. 
A student going from one imiversity to another often found that the anatomical 
expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by 
another set of terms, equally hard to leam, in the other. 

This harmful anďhumiliating statě of affairs stirred up in anatomists in 
various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so- 
cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much 
in the problém. In America it was Professor Buřt G. WUder, of Ithaca, who felt 
most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his 
ejfforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as 
well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify 
anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely 
brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long 
ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in 
America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the 
Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned. 

The movement for revision of terminology which oríginated in Germany 
in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its iSrst meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the 

*C/. Wilder, B. G.: "The Fundamental Prindples of Anatomical Nomenclature " 
(Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19); " Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain," presented 
to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; "American 
Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature," 1 889-1 890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor- 
nell University, February 5, 1892; "Anatomical Terminology," by B. G. Wilder and S. H. 
Gage, in the first editionof Wooďs Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; "Neural 
Terms, International and National," 1896; "Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification 
of the Nomenclature of Anatomy," 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ- 
ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted. 



4 Anatomical Nomenclature 

one which resnlted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that 
year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms, 
with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing, No sooner*did these 
officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear, 
and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed. 
Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they 
were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the 
paragraphs which succeed. 

The Scope of the Work and the Workers. 

It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could 
deal more effectively with the problém than the officers of the Society. Again, 
an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a 
number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating 
from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on 
Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von Kolliker as Chairman 
and Professors O. Hertwig, His, KoUmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer, 
and v. Bardeleben as members, — a list of names as likely, surely, as any that 
could háve been chosen to insure success from the start. 

This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of 
Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause's literary ability 
made the choice especially suitable. During the six years' work which fol- 
lowed his appointment he set an example, his coUaborators telí us, of indefati- 
gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence 
of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks 
in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper pláce in the list. 

The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. The 
work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The 
originál estimate of the Commission of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded 
only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could háve been accom- 
plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion x>i the cost (some 8090 
marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Mtmich, Berlin, Vienna, 
Leipsic, and Himgary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by 
the Anatomical Society itself. 

The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds 
of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore^ 
to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are 
visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to 
be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi- 
gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. The list 
was to be constructed in one language — viz.: Latin; those who use the termi- 
nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely, 
into their own tongues. 

The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international 
in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi- 
cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in 
which the German language is spoken, has nevěr been exclusively German in 
membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from 
America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia, 
Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true; 
in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other 
countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism, 



The Way the Work Was Done 'S 

undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use. 
It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning, 
to try rather to fonn a list of terms which shovdd, in the first pláce, be acceptable 
to German-speaking anatomists and, láteř on, to attempt to gain the cooperation 
of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis- 
sion originally appointed are all those of German oř Austrian anatomists, the 
lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from 
French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists 
from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com- 
mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly 
owing, doubtless, to the relatively tmdeveloped statě of anatomy at the time in 
American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists 
then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this 
country was invited to join the Commission. Were another revision to be made 
by the Society to-day, American anatomists wovdd undoubtedly be requested 
to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac- 
cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there- 
fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international 
only in as far as that Society and its aflBdiations may be so regarded. 

The Way the Work was doně. 

It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the 
accomplishment of its task. The pian adopted at the beginning was greatly 
modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest, 
was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names ušed in 
the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were written down 
in a vertical column and the synonyms from a nimiber of other much-used text- 
books placed in parallel columns. The lists were manifolded and a copy sent 
to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or 
if he fovmd none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concemed. 
Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Elrause. 

When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was foimd that the 
names of 85 per cent. of the structures had received a majority vote, — ^more than 
40 per cent. receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result 
was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted 
names, the terms still not decided upon, and the list of new terms proposed, and 
it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again 
distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed 
and settled in personál sittings of the Commission. By Jíme, 189 1, the myo- 
logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms. 

As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and 
third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first 
vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com- 
ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and speciál knowl- 
edge, were insufficiently considered imless each new term and comment were 
verbally discussed in personál meetings of the commissioners. On attempting 
such verbal discussión, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made 
too slowly in the fuU Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the 
work to speciál committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned 
to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro- 

♦ Tliis happened to be C, Gegenbauťs "Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen." 



> 



6 Anatomical Nomenclature 

fessors Merkel, Rudinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com- 
mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints. 

Another important step consisted in the appointment of a speciál editing 
committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com- 
mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology 
as a whole, a matter of no little difficulty. Since the single systems had been 
voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable 
majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the 
parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even 
contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee 
found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three 
years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous systém and of 
the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com- 
pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and 
advice he received from Professors von Kolliker, Toldt, and Waldeyer. 

During the last three of the six years' work it was found that results were 
most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program: 
First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their speciál sugges- 
tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the j&rst vote was taken, 
so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief, 
after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the 
editing conmiittee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately 
and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to 
refer to the bibliography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The 
lists thus edited were retumed to the Commission for finál comments. These, 
when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895 
the definitivě list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society 
as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption. 

The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded. 

As the six years' work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of 
terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found, 
however, that while these principles were of value as generál rules, none of them 
could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions 
arrived at were the following: 

(i) Each part shall háve only one name. 

(2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct. 

(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. 

(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to 
descríption or to speculative interpretation. 

(5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar — e. g,, Femur, Arteria 
femoralis, Véna femoralis, Nervus femoralis. 

(6) Adjectives, in generál, shall be arranged as opposites — e, g,, dexter 
and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus. 

The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus, 
the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus- 
pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini- 
cians). The third rule, while usuaUy easily folio wed (few would care to retain 
the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus), could not 
always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular 
term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the 
arteria meníngea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a 



PrINCIPLES ArIUVED AT AS WORK PrOCEEDED 7 

foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only 
when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission. consent 
to depart from the principles mentioned. 

There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personál 
names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al- 
together. Much can be said on each side. The argimients pro and con háve 
been marshalled by His. On the one hand (i) historical injustice is frequently 
doně, the name bome by a part being not that of its reál discoverer but of some 
later worker; (2) the personál names employed may vary in different cotmtries, 
Lieberkiihn^s glands in Germany being Galeati's in Italy, Vater^s corpuscles in 
the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literatuře of the 
specialties personál names are often us^ed in great excess, names of no importance 
figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic pian seems to háve been 
foUowed in adopting personál names; thus, even from among the immortals, 
the names of Eustachius and Malpighi háve in more than one instance been 
chosen for anatomical structures, while the names of Vesalius and Harvey 
do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (i) the per- 
sonál names are .usually good mnemotechnic materiál, a student easily 
retaining the names of Pouparťs, Gimbemaťs and Colles's ligaments and 
having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest 
is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, oř a 
ligamentum inguinale refleximi; (2) a certain feeling of piety should restrain 
US from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen- 
turies háve been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the studenťs advantgae 
in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of 
Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc, for through them his historical sense may be 
awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the 
names are always rightly ušed, this being a function of the history of anatomy 
rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by 
giving each part an objective name and putting widely ušed personál names in 
brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of 
leaving to time the finál decision. The personál names are all put in the genitive 
čase, following the precedent set by the Zoological Commission on terminology. 
Thus Pouparťs ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will 
be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou- 
parťs name. 

Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom- 
ical terms ušed in the medical specialties, — e, g., in neurology, ophthalmology, 
otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians háve been reworking the 
anatomy of their speciál domains quite independently of the anatomical labora- 
tories. An examination of the literatuře of the specialties reveals an anatom- 
ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and 
presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. The Commission soon 
convinced itself that the creation of this speciál language was due to the insuffi- 
ciency of the anatomies of the schools; it was its duty, therefore,to accept the terms 
introduced by the specialísts or to supply better ones. While the average medi- 
cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely 
the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training 
goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and 
modem. For completeness' saké, therefore, the Commission has included a full 
list of the names of macroscopic structures in the speciál organs, being led to do 
so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to 
accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs. 



8 Anatomical Nomenclature 

It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com- 
mission. Indeed, the first pian was so conservative that it expected to make no 
new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the 
text-books. Fortunately this pian was not adhered to. The only terms avail- 
able in the text-books for some stnictures were antiquated and unworthy of re- 
tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms ušed in the text-books are 
some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another, 
owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission 
was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis- 
sections, and even to make originál investigations in connection with a given 
term. For the saké of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms 
had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the 
publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these 
new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being 
written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will háve no 
difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might háve seemed 
unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefíy of 
carefuUy selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to 
speak of the BNA as the "new terminology'* or "new nomenclature."* 

The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain. 

Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA 
let US now turn for a moment to the matter of its adoption in this and 
in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that 
there would be great difl&culties in the way. 

(i) Thus, though granting the desirability of an anatomical terminology 
which shall be the samé in all civilized countries, some think that the time is not 
yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards 
anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fuUy identical. When it is remembered, 
however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom- 
ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning 
which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international 
cooperation in the use of them for the saké of uniformity. The work of all 
anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be 
made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled 
every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several 
languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even 
medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now aske.d to 
read one or two modem languages other than their own before admission. 
How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography 
would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the samé ana- 
tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures! 
Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable 
of all and agreeable to all. Even if a small residue of names might be found 
objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but little, 
though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the saké of uni- 
formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking. 

(2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England 
who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German 
Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists. 

♦ Through an oversight in proof -reading, I háve myself fallen into this error in my 
**Laboratory Manuál." 



The Adoption of the BNA 9 

Aside from the facts referred to above — that the Anatomical Society had almost 
as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter- 
minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as G«rman, 
Austrian and Swiss — it wonld not, it seems to me, háve mattered much, oř hin- 
dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If 
anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause, 
and their colleagues are willing and able to give a large part of their time and 
energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense 
thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us, — if what they háve doně 
is really excellent, — are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was " made 
in Germany"? I cannot believe that any one who reílects for a moment can be 
other than extremely gratef ul for the very valuable gif t these men háve made us ; 
such a Chauvinistic attitude as I háve described can surely not be assumed by more 
than a minuté minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of 
this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the "best" wherever it 
is to be found, even if it chance to be " made in Thibet" or in Timbuctoo. 

(3) The fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language 
has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is 
due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had 
no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed ; it is matter 
of indifference whether one says "biceps muscle" or "musculus biceps," "fem- 
oral nerve" or "nervus femoralis," "temporal bone" or "os temporale," "yellow 
spot" oř "macula lutea." As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical 
term for the íirst time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly 
on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked 
individual preferences, however, in this regard and I háve known some teachers 
and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan. Cer- 
tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently, 
though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the 
custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become 
English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fomix, 
thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the 
like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations 
for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely, 
I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv- 
alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the 
Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears "Ruckenmark" rather than 
"MeduUa spinalis," "Kopfnicker" (not " Brustschliisselzitzenfortsatzmuskel ") 
rather than "M. sternocleidomastoideus." It is in books, and more particu- 
larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be ušed in its Latin 
form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas, 
or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule 
were followed. 

(4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text- 
books háve been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers 
will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded 
memories, — that we shall háve a "confusion worse confounded" than before. 
It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in 
which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors 
who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible 
to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un- 
known to themselves. 



lo Anatomical Nomenclature 

There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be 
encountered are far less reál than would at first sight appear. For, in the first 
pláce, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older 
text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority 
of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA 
resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names 
of chóice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the 
few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed 
in them. Since Professor Mali called my attention to the BNA in 1895 ^^^ 
recommended it to me I háve ušed it more oř less consistently and with satis- 
faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in 
Chicago. Other American teachers who háve doně the samé telí me that they 
háve found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited, 
express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for- 
merly in use. The BNA is now ušed regularly in several of the American 
anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others. 

That the studenťs text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA 
is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous 
systém, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively, 
for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in 
Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the studenťs task could be greatly 
simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term 
being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in 
his practical work. To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with 
the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, "A Laboratory Manuál 
of Himian Anatomy." Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases, — those 
of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt, — had appeared in Germany, each with the 
BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of 
students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mali, 
I undertook during the years 1900-1904 the translation into English of the text 
of Professor Spalteholz^s work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and 
brief, precise, anatomical descriptions háve been available to American and 
English readers. The kind way in which these books háve been received by 
American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this 
country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology 
more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise. 

In 1902, Dr. Hardesty ušed the BNA exclusively in his useful " Neurological 
Technique," and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph 
of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications, 
indeed, now point to its generál acceptance by American and British writers. 
Besides Spalteholz^s Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available 
in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris's 
Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur- 
rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms 
It would také too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these 
names figuře. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis, 
entitled " Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen, '^ 
should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one 
studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a 
human being; the BNA names are ušed throughout in its plates and descrip- 
tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in 
Professor J. B. Johnston's book, "The Anatomy of the Nervous System of 



The Future of Anatomical Terminology i i 

Vertebrates." . And, now that the newest edition of Goulďs Medical Dictionary 
is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for 
delay in generál recognition and emplojonent. 

The assumption that students who háve been taught the BNA and their 
clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another^s presence — 
that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail — gives scarcely due credit to either 
student oř clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran- 
sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few 
new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabiúary; he can scarcely 
escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the 
"atria" of the heart as its "auricles," or of the "omental bursa" as the "lesser 
peritoneum." And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modem sci- 
entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un- 
familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of 
sufficient permanent importance to háve been reflected in the BNA. The 
intemist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the 
spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneiun at least up to the level of precision 
indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon 
with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerveš, the 
neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler- 
ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective — 
they will not — the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for 
prestige among the occupants of cHnical chairs, would from now on, if it has not 
always so doně in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to 
keep páce with progress in the fundamentals. We háve seen above, as a mat- 
ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties háve not only kept páce 
with the anatomists but, in part, háve outstripped them in the race. Investi- 
gating the anatomy of their own speciál domains anew and independently, their 
inquiries háve expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical 
vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be- 
come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl- 
edge. of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt ? 

The Future of Anatomical Terminology. 

No matter how many reyisions of terminology are made, and entirely 
independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long nm, only 
those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are predse in expression, 
and which are organically connected with whatever great generál pian our ana- 
tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must 
satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians. 
It would be foliy to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of 
anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A, terminology must rely 
upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis- 
fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of generál 
acceptanče and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of 
the BNA should set an example by using it and may recomm^nd its use to others. 
More than this we ought not to do. 

The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit 
the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from 
ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course, 
retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves 
understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously 



12 Anatomical Nomenclature 

whoUy provisional in character. Only when time has brought a ^ertain repose 
to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out. 

It should be easy in a country like America, for anatomists to agree with their 
colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms 
for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to cooperation, so charac- 
teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations 
no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among 
anatomists. 

Even when compromises háve to be made, there is a certain speciál honor 
and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute 
to the common weal. That some concessions must necessarily be made in using 
the BNA cannot be denied; ahnost every cooperative measure demands some 
self-denial among participants. This need not, however, be great. Where the 
list does not supply in full the requirements of the individua! teacher, there is 
no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the 
list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an 
easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard 
for one who has spoken of the "M. complexus" all his life to get ušed to call- 
ing it the "M. semispinalis capitis," or for another who has been brought up 
with an "anterior crural" to abandon it for the "femoral" nerve. But when 
the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry 
one far. It is only when a term is foimd to be incompatible with one's scien- 
tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. The BNA has, however, 
been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided aflňxing 
labels to structures still in dispute that we need háve little fear on that score. 
Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard 
at this time to digest, the generál acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great 
gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two. 

That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision wiU be 
desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending; 
our criteria of values are cpnstantly changing; scientific needs in terminology 
vary, in špite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable. 
But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should 
be facilitated. The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of 
observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be 
good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for 
instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers, 
more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human 
Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such 
a "merger" may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision, 
the terms in Professor Wilder's lists which difiFer from those of the BNA may be 
carefuUy considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the 
present BNA, may be adopted. 

Of one thing I am convinced, — cooperation is, from now on, essential for 
the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, acciu-acy, and 
seriál connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common, 
for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher's work will be simplified 
and the pupiPs task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research 
will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision. 



Nomina anatomica* 



Termíní, $itum et directionem partium corporís 

indicantes 



Termini generales 



Verticalis 


Anterior 


Longitudinaiis 


Horizontalis 


Medius 


Transversus 


Medianus 


Posterior 


Cranialis 


Sagittalis 


Ventralis 


Rostralis 


Frontalis 


Dorsalis 

• 


Caudalis 


Transversalis 


Internus 


Superior 


Medialis 


Extemus 


Inferior 


Intermedius 


Dexter 


Superficialis [sublimis] 


Lateralís 


Sinister 


Profundus 




Termini ad extremitates 


spec tan tes 




Proximalis 


Ulnaris 




Distalis 


Tibialis 




Radialis 


Fibularis 



* In the íists the folio wing explanations are necessary: 

1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomicae). 

2. Angiilar brackets [ ] čontain explanatory additions, among which are induded double 

names and personál names. 

3. Italics are ušed for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua^ A. umbilicalis, etc.) 



14 



I 



Anatomical names' 



Terms índícatíng the positíon and direction of 

parts of the body 







General terms 




Vertical 




Anterior 


Longitudinal 


Horizontál 




Middle 


Transverse 


Medián 




Posterior 


Cranial 


Sagittal 




Ventral ^ 


Rostral 


Frontal 




Dorsal 


Caudal 


Transversal 




Inner 


Superior 


Medial 




Outer 


Inferior 


Intermediate 




Right 


Superficial 


Lateral 




Left 


Deep 




Tenns relating to the extremities 




Proximal 


Ulnar 




Distal 




Tibial 




Radiál 




Fibular 



^ The letters O. T.' following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology. 



14 



15 



Anatomical Nomenclatuke 



Termíní jenerales 



Accessorius 


Corona 


Glandula 


Acinus 


Corpus 


Glomerulus 


Aditus 


Corpusculum 


Glomus 


Ala 


Crista 


Hilus 




Crus 


Humor 


Alveolus 


Decussatio 


Junctura 


Ampulla 


Dorsum 


Impressio 


Angulus 


Ductulus 


Incisura 


Ansa 


Ductus 


Infundibulum 


Antrum 


Eminentia 


Intestinum 


Apertura 


Endothelium 


Isthmus 


Apex 


Epithelium 


Labium 


Appendix 


Ex třemi tas 


Lacuna 


Arcus 


Facies 


Lamina 


Area • 


Fascia 


Latus 


Basis 


Fasciculus 


Ligamentum 


Brachium 


Fibra 


Limbus 


Canaliculus 


Fibrocartilago 


Limen 


Canalis 


Filům 


Linea 


Capsula 


Fissura 


Liquor 


Caput 


Flexura 


Lobulus 


Capitulum 


Foliům 


Lobus 


Cartilago 


Folliculus 


Macula 


Caruncula 


Foramen 


Margo 


Cauda 


Formatio 


Massa 


Caverna 


Fornix 


Meatus 


Cavum 


Fossa 


1 

Medulla 


Cellula 


Fossula 


Membrána 


Circulus 


Fovea 


Membrum 


Cisterna 


Foveola 


Mucus 


Collum 


Frenulum 


Musculus 


Columna 


Fundus 


Nervus 


Commissura 


Funiculus 


Nodulus 




Geniculum 


Nucleus 


Comu 


Genu 


Organon 



G£NEKAL ANATOMICAL TEKHS 



iS 



General Ánatomical Terms 



Accessory 


Wreath, garland, oř crown 


Gland 


Beny 


Body 


Little skein 


Entrance 


Little body oř cořpuscle 


Skein 


Wing (contraction of 


Cřest 


Hilus 


axilla) 


Leg Oř limb 


Liquid Oř fluid 


Little hollow 


Decussation oř cřossing 


Joint 


Flask 


Back 


Impression 


Angle 


Little duet 


Incision or notch 


Handle oř loop 


Duet 


Funnel 


Cave 


Eminence oř protuberance 


Intestine or inward 


Opening 


Endothelium 


Isthmus 


Tip 


Epithelium 


Lip 


Appendage 


Extremity 


Gap, defect 


Arch 


Face Oř surface 


Plate Oř layer 


Space 


Bandage oř band 


Břoad; flank 


Base 


A little bundle oř packet 


Ligament 


Arm 


Fibře Oř filament 


Border or fringe 


Small channel 


Fibřocařtilage 


Threshold, boundary 


Canal 


Thřead 


Line 


Capsule 


Fissuře Oř cleft 


Fluid Oř liquid 


Head 


Bending 


A little lobe 


Little head 


Leaf 


Lobe 


Cartilage 


Little sac oř bag 


Spot 


Small piece of flesh 


Hole, apertuře, or opening 


Margin 


Tail 


Formation 


Mass 


Cavern 


Arch Oř vault 


Way Oř passage 


Hole oř cavity 


Ditch Oř trench 


Marrow 


Little chamber oř cell 


Little fossa 


Meinbrane 


Circle 


Pit 


Limb Oř member 


Cistern 


Little pit 


Mucus 


Neck 


Cord Oř rein 


Muscle 


Column or pillar 


Bottom 


Nerve 


Connection oř commis- 


Thin ropě, cord, or string 


Nodule 


sure 


Little knee or knot 


Nucleus Oř kemel 


Horn 


Knee 


Organ 



i6 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Orificium 


Septum 


Tunica 


Os [oris] 


Sinus 


Tunica propria 


Os [ossis] 


Spatium 


Umbo 


Ostium 


Spina 


Uvula 


Papilla 


Stratům • 




Parenchyma 


Stria 


Vagina 


Paries 


Stroma 


Vallecula 


Perichondrium 


Substantia 


Vallum 


Periosteum 


Succus 


Valvula 


Plexus 


Sulcus 


Vas 


Plica 


Taenia 


Velům 


Polus 


Tegmen 




Processus 


Těla 


Vertex 


Prominentia 


Těla conjunctiva 


Vesica 


Punctum 


Těla elastica 


Vesicula 


Radix 


Torus 




Ramulus 




Vestibulum 


Rámus 


Trabecula 




Raphe 


Tractus 


Villus 


Recessus 


Trigonum 


Viscus [viscera] 


Regio 


Trochlea 




Rete 


Truncus 


Vortex 


Rima 


Tuber 


Zóna 


Rudimentům 


Tuberculum 


• 


Septulum 


Tubulus 





General Anatomical Terms 



i6 



Orifice 

Mouth 

Bone 

Entrance 

Papilla or nipple 

Parenchyma 

Wall 

Perichrondrium 

Periosteum 

Plexus 

Fold 

Pole 

Process 

Prominence oř projection 

Point oř small puncture 

Root 

Little branch oř twig 

Branch 

Raphe oř seam 

Recess 

Region Oř tenritořy 

Net Oř network 

Slit Oř fissuře 

Rudiment 

Little septum 



Partition 
Sinus 
Space 

Spině Oř thom 
Layeř oř coveřing 
Fuříow, stripe, Oř ridge 
Střoma, Oř bed 
Substance 
Juice 

Sulcus Oř fuřřow 
Ribbon; tape-wořm 
A coveř 
Web 

Connecting web 
Elastic web 

Round swelling oř protuber- 
ance 
Little beam 
Třact 

Třigone oř triangle 
Pulley 
Třunk 

Swelling Oř hump 
Tubercle 
Tubule Oř little tube 



Coat or coveřing 

Přopeř coat 

Boss Oř prominence 

Little clusteř oř 
bunch 

Sheath 

Cřevice 

Wall Oř f ořtification 

Valve 

Vessel 

Sail, coveřing oř cur- 
tain 

Crown of head 

Bladder 

Vesicle or little blad- 
der 

Vestibule or ante- 
chamber 

Shaggy hair 

Organ, intemal 
organ 

Whirlpool 

Girdle or zone 



i; 



AnATOMICAL N0M£NCLAIUS£ 



Partes corporís humaní 



Capu t 




Truncus 


Collum 


Caput 
Cranium 


Extrém i tates 


Vertex 




Tempora 


Sinciput 




Auris ■ 


Frons 


% 


Auricula 


Occiput 


Facies 




Oculus 




Os 


Palpebra superior 




Sulcus nasolabialis 


Palpebra inferior 




Philtrum 


Rima palpebrarum 




Labium superius 


Bulbus oculi 




Labium inferius 


Supercilium 




Rima oris 


Sukus infrapalpebralis 




Cavum oris 
Lingua 


Nasuš 




Fauces 


Dorsum naši 




Bucca [Mála] 


Apex naši 




Sulcus mentolabialis 


Ala naši 


Collum 


Mentum 


Cervix 




Pharynx 


Larynx 




Trachea 


Prominentia laryngea 


Truncus 


Oesophagus 


Thorax 




Dorsum 


Cavum thoracis 




Columna vertebralis 


Pectus 




Canalis spinalis 


Mamma 






Papilla mammae 







PAHTS OF THE HXTMAN BOOY 



17 



Parts of the human body 



Head 




Trunk 


Neck 


Heád 

SkuU 


Extremities 


Crown of the head 




Temples 


Sinciput; bregma 




Ear 


Forehead 




External ear, oř pinna 


Occiput 


Face 




Eye 




Mouth 


Upper eyelid 




Nasolabial furrow 


Lower eyelid 




Infranasal depression 


Lid-slit 




Upper lip 


Eyeball 




Lower lip 


Eyebrow 




Mouth slit 


Inf rapalpebral furrow 




Mouth cavity 
Tongue 


Nose 




Throat 


Back of the nose 




Cheek 


Tip of the nose 




Mentolabial furrow 


Wing of the nose 


Neck 


Chin 


Neck (posterior part) 




Pharynx 


Larynx 




Trachea 


Laryngeal prominence 


(0. 


Oesophagus 


T. Adam^s apple) 


Trunk 


• 


Thorax 




Back 


Thoracic cavity 




Vertebral column 


Breast 




Spinal canal 


Mammary gland 




^ 


Mammary nipple 







i8 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Abdomen 



Cavum abdominis 
Scrobiculus cordis 
Umbilicus 



Cavum pelvis 
Mons pubis 
Coxa 
Nates [Clunes] 



Axilla 

Plica axillaris anterior 

Plica axillaris posterior 
Acromion 
Brachium 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Facies lateralis 

Facies medialis 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
Cubitus 
Antibrachium 

Facies dorsalis 

Facies volaris 

Margo radialis 

Margo ulnaris 



Latus 

Lumbus 

Ingiien 



Pelvis 



Anus 

Crena ani 
Perineum 



Extremitas superior 



Manus 
Carpus 
Metacarpus 
Dorsum manus 
Vola manus [Palma] 
Thenar 
Hypothenar 
Digiti manus 
Pollex [Digitus I] 
Index [ " II] 
Digitus medius [Digitus III] 



Digitus annularis [ 
Digitus minimus [ 
Facies dorsales 
Facies volares 
Margines radiales 
Margines ulnares 



(( 



íí 



IV] 
V] 



Extremitas inferior 



Femiu- 

Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Facies lateralis 
Facies medialis 

Sulcus glutaeus 

Genu 
Poples 
Patella 



Crus 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Sura 

Malleolus lateralis 

Malleolus medialis 
Pes 

Tarsus 

Metatarsus 



Parts of the Human Body 



i8 







Belly 


Abdominal cavity 


■ 


Flank 


"Heartfossa";pit 


of stomach Loin 


Navel 




Groin 
Pelvis 


Pelvic cavity 




Anus 


Pubic eminence 




Anal clef t 


Hip 




Perineum 


Buttock 




, 


; 


Uppe 


r extremity 


Axilla; prominence of shoulder 


Hand 


Anterior axillary fold 




Wrist 


Posterior axillary fold 




Metacarpus 


Acromion; tip of shoulder 




Back of the hand 


Arrn 




Palm of the hand 


Anterior surface 




Thenar or radiál palm 


Posterior surface 




Hypothenar or ulnar palm 


Lateral surface 




Fingers 


Medial surface 




Thumb 


Lateral bicipital groove 




Index finger 


Medial bicipital groove 




Middle finger 


Elbow 




Ring finger 


Forearm 




Little finger 


Dorsal surface 




Dorsal surfaces 


Volar surface 




Volar surfaces 


Radiál margin 




Radiál margins 


Ulnar margin 




Ulnar margins 



Lower extremities 



Thigh 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface 
Gluteal furrow 
Knee 

Posterior surface of knee 

Knee-cap 



Leg 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Calf 

Lateral malleolus 

Medial malleolus 
Foot 

Root of foot 

Metatarsus 



19 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Dorsum pedis 

Planta 

Margo pedis lateralis 

Margo pedis medialis 

Calx 

Digiti pedis 

Hallux [Digitus I] 



Digiti II-IV 

Digitus minimus [Digitus V] 

Facies dorsales 

Facies plantares 

Margines laterales 

Margines mediales 



Os longum 

Os breve 

Os pianům 

Os pneumaticum 

Epiphysis 

Diaphysis 



Vertebrae cervicales 
Vertebrae thoracales 
Vertebrae lumbales 
Vertebrae sacrales 
Vertebrae coccygeae 
Corpus vertebrae 
Fovea costalis superior 

Fovea costalis inferior 



Osteolo^ía 

Synchondrosis epiphyseos 
Apophysis 
Facies articularis 
Substantia compacta 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia spongiosa 



Cavum meduUare 
MeduUa ossium 
Medulla ossium flava 
MeduUa ossium rubra 
Foramen nutricium 
Canalis nutricius 



Canalis vertebralis 
Foramen vertebrale 
Arcus vertebrae 
Radix arcus vertebrae 
Incisura vertebralis superior 
Incisura vertebralis inferior 
Foramen intervertebrale 
Sulcus n. spinalis 
Processus spinosus 
Vertebra prominens 
Processus transversus 
Fovea costalis transversalis 



Columna vertebralis 

Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum 

cervicalium] 
Tuberculum caroticum [vertebrae 

cervicalis VI] 
Foramen transversarium 
Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum 

cervicalium] 
Processus articulares superiores 
Facies articulares superiores 
Processus articulares inferiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 
Processus costarius 
Processus accessorius [vertebrarum 

lumbalium] 
Processus mammillaris 



Atlas 

Massa lateralis 
Arcus anterior 
Tuberculum anterius 
Foveae articulares superiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 
Fovea dentis 



OSTEOLOGY 



19 



Back of the foot 

Sole 

Lateral margin of the foot 

Medial margin of the foot 

Heel 

Toes 

Great toe 



II-IV toes 

Little toe 
Dorsal surfaces 
Plantar surfaces 
Lateral margins 
Medial margins 



Ostcology 



Long bone 
Short bone 
Fiat bone 
HoUow bone 



Epiphyseal synchondrosis 
Apophysis (" excrescence") 
Articular surface 
Compact substance 



Epiphysis (" accretion") Cortical substance 
Shaft Spongy substance 



MeduUary cavity 
Bone marrow 
Yellow bone marrow 
Red bone marrow 
Nutrient foramen 
Nutrient canal 



Vertebral column oř spině 



Cervical vertebrae 

Thoracic vertebrae 

Lumbar vertebrae 

Sacral vertebrae 

Coccygeal vertebrae 

Body of vertebrae 

Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet 

for head of rib) 
Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for 

head of rib) 
Vertebral canal 
Vertebral foramen 
Vertebral arch 

Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle) 
Superior vertebral notch 
Inferior vertebral notch 
Intervertebral foramen 
Groove for spinal nerve 
Spinous process 

Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical) 
Transverse process 
Costal pit of transverse process (O. T. 

facet for tubercle of rib) 



Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte- 
brae] 

Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver- 
tebra] 

Foramen of transverse process 

Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae] 

Superior articular processes 

Superior articular surfaces 

Inferior articular processes 

Inferior articular surfaces 

Costal process 

Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae 

Mammillary process 

Atlas 

Lateral mass 
Anterior arch 
Anterior tubercle 
Superior articular pits 
Inferior articular surfaces 
Pit of the tooth 



20 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Arcus posterior 

Sukus arteriae vertebralis 

Tuberculum posterius 

Epistropheus 

Dens 

Facies articularis anterior 
Facies articularis posterior 

Os sacrum 

Facies dorsalis 

Facies pelvina 

Basis oss. sacri 

Processus articularis superior 

Promontorium 

Pars lateralis 
Facies auricularis 
Tuberositas sacralis 
Foramina intervertebralia 
Foramina sacralia anteriora 
Lineae transversae 
Foramina sacralia posteriora 
Crista sacralis media 
Cristae sacrales laterales 
Cristae sacrales articulares 
Cornua sacralia 
Canalis sacralis 
Hiatus sacralis 
Apex oss. sacri 

Os coccygis 

Comua coccygea 

Thorax 

Costae 

Costae verae 

Costae spuriae 

Os costale 

Cartilago costalis 

Capitulum costae 

Facies articularis capituli costae 

Crista capituli 



Corpus costae 

Tuberculum costae 

Facies articularis tuberculi costae 

CoUum costae 

Crista colli costae 

Angulus costae 

Tuberculum scaleni [Lisf ranci] 

Sukus subclaviae 

Tuberositas costae II 

Sulcus costae 

Sternum 

Manubrium sterni 
Angulus sterni 
Svnchondrosis stemalis 

ar 

Corpus sterni 
Pianům sternale 
Processus xiphoideus 

Incisura clavicularis 
Incisura jugularis 

Incisurae costales 
(Ossa suprasternalia) 

Thorax 

Cavum thoracis 
Apertura thoracis superior 
Apertura thoracis inferior 
Arcus costarum 
Spatia intercostalia 
Angulus infrastemalis 
Sukus pulmonalis 

Ossa cranii 
Os basilare 

Os occipitale 

Foramen occipitale magnum 
Pars basilaris 
Sulcus petrosus inferior 
Pars lateralis 



OSTEOLOGY 



20 



Posterior arch 

Groove for vertebral artery 

Posterior tubercle 

Epistropheus ("a tuming") (O. T. 

axis) 
Tooth 

Anterior articular surf ace 

Posterior articular surf ace 

Sacrum 

Dorsal surface 
Pelvic surface 
Base of sacrum 
Superior articular process 
Promontory (O. T. sacrovertebral 

angle) 
Lateral part 
Auricular surface 
Sacral tuberosity 
Intervertebral foramina 
Anterior sacral foramina 
Transverse lineš 
Posterior sacral foramina 
Middle sacral crest 
Lateral sacral crests 
Articular sacral crests 
Sacral horns 
Sacral canal 
Sacral hiatus 
Apex of sacrum 

Coccyx 

Coccygeal horns 

Thorax 

Ribs 

Trne ribs 

Falše ribs 

Rib bone 

Rib cartilage 

Head of the rib 

Articular surface of the head of the rib 

Crest of the head 



Body of the rib 

Tubercle of the rib 

Articular surface of the tubercle of the 

rib 
Neck of the rib 
Crest of neck of rib 
Angle of rib 

Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc 
Subclavian groove 
Tuberosity of the second rib 
Costal groove 

Breast Bone 

Handle of sternum 

Angle of sternum 

Sternal synchondrosis 

Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus) 

Sternal plain, or anterior surface 

Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform 

process) 
Clavicular notch 
Jugular notch (O. T. presternal 

notch) 
Notches for the ribs 
Suprastemal bones 

Thorax 

Thoracic cavity 
Upper thoracic openmg 
Lower thoracic opening 
Arch of the ribs 
Intercostal spaces 
Infrasternal angle 
Pulmonary sulcus 

Bones of the skuli 

Basilar bone 

Occipital bone 

Large occipital foramen 
Basilar part 

Inferior petrosal groove 
Lateral part 



21 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Squama occipitalis 
Margo mastoideus 
Margo lambdoideus 
(Os interparietale) 
Clivus 

Tuberculum pharyngeum 
Condylus occipitalis 
Canalis condyloideus 

Canalis hypoglossi 

Tuberculum jugulare 
Incisura jugularis 
Processus jugularis 
Fossa condyloidea 
Processus intrajugularís 
Pianům occipitale 
Pianům nuchale 
Protuberantia occipitalis extema 
(Torus occipitalis) 
Crista occipitalis externa 
Linea nuchae suprema 
Linea nuchae superior 
Linea nuchae inferior 
Eminentia cruciata 

• 

Protuberantia occipitalis interna 
Sulcus sagittalis 

Sukus transversus 
(Processus paramastoideus) 

Os sphenoidale 

Corpus 
Sella turcica 
Fossa hypophyseos 

Dorsum sellae 
Tuberculum sellae 
Processus clinoideus medius 
Processus clinoideus posterior 
Sulcus caroticus 

Lingula sphenoidalis 



Crista sphenoidalis 

Rostrum sphenoidale 
Sinus sphenoidalis 
Septum sinuum sphenoidalium 
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis 
Conchae sphenoidales 

Clivus 

Ala p arva 
Sulcus chiasmatis 

Foramen opticum 
Processus clinoideus anterior 
Fissura orbitalis superior 

Ala magna 
Facies cerebralis 
Facies temporalis 
Facies sphenomaxillaris 
Facies orbitalis 
Margo zygomaticus 
Margo frontalis 
Angulus parietalis 
Margo squamosus 
Crista infratemporalis 

Foramen rotundum 
Foramen ovále 
Foramen spinosum 
Spina angularis 

Processus pterygoideus 
Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei 
Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 
Fissura pterygoidea 
Fossa scaphoidea 
Processus vaginalis 
Hamulus pterygoideus 

Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei 

Fossa pterygoidea 

Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii] 



OSTEOLOGY 



21 



Occipital squama ("scale") 

Mastoid margin 

Lambdoid margin 

Interparietal bone 

Clivus (" slope") 

Phar3nigeal tubercle 

Occipital condyle 

Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con- 

dyloid foramen) 
Hypoglossal canal (O. T, anterior 

condyloid foramen) 
Jugular tubercle 
Jugular notch 
Jugular process 
Condyloid fossa 
Intra jugular process 
Occipital plain 
Nuchal plain 

Extemal occipital protuberance 
Occipital torus ("swelling") 
External occipital crest 
Supreme nuchal line 
Superior nuchal line 
Inferior nuchal line 
Cruciate eminence 
Internal occipital protuberance 
Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi- 

tudinal sulcus) 
Transverse sulcus 
Paramastoid process 

Sphenoid bone 

Body 

Turkish saddle 

Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary 

fossa) 
Back of sella 

Tubercle of sella or pommel 
Middle clinoid process 
Posterior clinoid process 
Carotid sulcus (O. T. cavemous 

groove) 
Sphenoidal tongue 



Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal 

crest) 
Sphenoidal rostrum 
Sphenoidal sinus 
Septum of sphenoidal sinuses 
Opening of sphenoidal sinus 
Sphenoidal conchae ("shell") (O. T. 

sphenoidal turbinated bones) 
Clivus (" slope") 

Small wing 

Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic 

groove) 
Optic foramen 
Anterior clinoid process 
Superior orbital fissure 

Large wing 

Cerebral surface 

Temporal surface 

Sphenomaxillary surface 

Orbital surface 

Zygomatic margin 

Frontal margin 

Parietal angle 

Squamosal margin 

Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid 

ridge) 
Round foramen 
Oval foramen 
Spinous foramen 
Angular spině (O. T. spinous process) 

Pterygoid process 

Lateral layer of pterygoid process 

Medial layer of pterygoid process 

Pterygoid fissure 

Scaphoid fossa 

Vaginal process 

Pterygoid hamulus ("hook") (O. T. 

hamular process) 
Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus 
Pterygoid fossa 
Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal) 



22 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Canalis pharyngeus 

Canalis basiphar3aigeus 

Sukus tubae auditivae 

Sukus pterygopalatinus 

(Processus pterygospinosus [Cívinini]) 

Os temporale 

Pars mastoidea 
Margo occipitalis 
Processus mastoideus 
Incisura mastoidea 
Sukus sigmoideus 

Sukus a. occipitalis 
Foramen mastoideum 
Pars petrosa [Pyramis] 
Facies anterior pyramidis 
Facies posterior pyramidis 
Facies inferior pyramidis 
Apex pyramidis 
Angulus superior pyramidis 
Angulus anterior pyramidis 
Angulus posterior pyramidis 
Sukus petrosus superior 
Tegmen tympani 
Eminentia arcuata 

Canalis facialis [Falloppii] 

BUatus canalis facialis 

Geniculum canalis facialis 

Sukus n. petrosi superficialis majoris 

Sukus n. petrosi superficialis minoris 

Impressio trigemini 

Poruš acusticus hiternus 
Meatus acusticus intemus 
Fossa subarcuata 
Aquaeductus vestibuli 



Apertura extema aquaeductus vestibuli 

Sukus petrosus inferior 
Incisura jugularis 
Processus intra jugularis 
Fossa jugularis 
Canaliculus mastoideus 
Sukus canaliculi mastoidei 
Processus styloideus 
Vagina processus styloidei 

Foramen stylomastoideum 

Fossula petrosa 

Canaliculus tympanicus 

Sukus tympanicus 

Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanici 

Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici 



Canaliculus cochleae 

Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae 

Canalis caroticus 
Canaliculi caroticotympanici 
Canalis musculotubarius 
Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani 



Semicanalis tubae auditivae 

Septum canalis musculotubarii 
Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus) 

Canaliculus chordae tympani 
Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri] 

Fissura petrosquamosa 
Pars tympanica 
Annulus tympanicus 
Meatus acusticus externus 
(Spina supra meatum) 
Fissura tympanomastoidea 



OSTEOLOGY 



22 



Pharyngeal canal (O. T. pterygo- 

palatine canal) 
Basipharyngeal canal 
Sulcus of auditory tube 
Pterygopalatine sulcus 
Pterygospinous process 

Teinporal bone 

Mastoid part 

Occipital margin 

Mastoid process 

Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa) 

Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig- 

moidea) 
Groove for the occipital artery 
Mastoid foramen 
Petrous part (pyramid) 
Anterior surf ace of pyramid 
Posterior surface of pyramid 
Inferior surface of pyramid 
Apex of pyramid 
Superior angle of pyramid 
Anterior angle of pyramid 
Posterior angle of pyramid 
Superior petrosal groove 
Roof of tympanum 
Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for 

superior semicircular canal) 
Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal- 

lopius) 
Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus 

Fallopii) 
Little knee of facial canal 
Groove for the greater superficial 

petrosal nerve 
Groove for the lesser superficial 

petrosal nerve 
Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres- 

sion for Gasserian ganglion) 
Internal acoustic póre 
Internal acoustic meatus 
Subarcuate fossa 
Aqueduct of vestibule 



External opening of aqueduct of vesti- 
bule 

Inferior petrosal groove 

Jugular notch 

Intrajugular process 

Jugular fossa 

Mastoid canaliculus 

Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus 

Styloid process 

Sheath of styloid process (O. T. 
vaginal process) 

Stylomastoid foramen 

Petrosal fossula 

Tympanic canaliculus 

Tympanic sulcus 

Inferior opening of tympanic canal- 
iculus 

Superior opening of tympanic canal- 
iculus (O. T. opening for smaller 
petrosal nerve) 

Canaliculus of the cochlea 

External opening of the canaliculus of 
the cochlea 

Carotid canal 

Caroticotympanic canaliculus 

Musculotubal canal 

Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym- 
panum (O. T. canal for tensor 
tympani muscle) 

Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T. 
canal for the Eustachian tube) 

Septum of the musculotubal canal 

Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ of 
Hearing) 

Canaliculus of cord of tympanum 

Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian 
fissure) 

Petrosquamosal fissure 

Ty mpanic part 

Tympanic ring 

External acoustic meatus 

Spině above meatus 

Tympanomastoid fissure 



23 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Spina tympanica major 
Spina tympanica minor 
Poruš acusticus extemus 
Squama temporalis 
Margo parietalis 
Incisura parietalis 
Margo sphenoidalis 
Facies temporalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Fossa mandibularis 

Facies articularis 
Tuberculum articulare 
Facies cerebralis 
Sulcus a. temporalis mediae 

Os parietale 

Facies cerebralis 
Facies parietalis 
Margo occipitalis 
Margo squamosus 
Margo frontalis 
Margo sagittalis 
Angulus frontalis 
Angulus occipitalis 
Angulus sphenoidalis 
Angulus mastoideus 
Foramen parietale 
Tuber parietale 

Linea temporalis inferior 

Linea temporalis superior 
Sulcus sagittalis 
Sulcus transversus 



Os f rontale 

Squama frontalis 
Facies frontalis 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Pars orbitalis 
Incisura ethmoidalis 



Pars nasalis 
Spina frontalis 
Margo nasalis 
Margo parietalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Facies temporalis 
Linea temporalis 
Tuber frontale 

Arcus superciliaris 

Glabella 

Foramen sivé Incisura supraorbitalis 

Incisura sivé Foramen frontale 

Facies orbitalis 

(Spina trochlearis) 

Fovea trochlearis 

Foramen ethmoidale anterius 

Foramen ethmoidale posterius 

Fossa glandulae lacrimalis 

Facies cerebralis 

Crista frontalis 

Sulcus sagittalis 

Foramen caecum 

Sinus frontalis 

Septum sinuum frontalium 

Os ethmoidale 

Lamina cribrosa 
Crista galii 
Processus alaris 
Lamina perpendicularis 
Labyrinthus ethmoidalis 

Cellulae ethmoidales 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 

Hiatus semilunaris 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Lamina papyracea 

Foramina ethmoidalia 
(Concha nasalis suprema) 



OSTEOLOGY 



23 



Larger tympanic spině 
Smaller tympanic spině 
Extemal acoustic póre 
Temporal squama ("scale") 
Parietal margin 
Parietal notch 
Sphenoidal margin 
Temporal surface 
Zygomatic process 

Mandibular fossa (O. T. glenoid 
cavity) 
Articular surface 
Articular tubercle 
Cerebral surface 
Groove for middle temporal artery 

Parietal bone 

Cerebral surface 

Parietal surface 

Occipital margin 

Squamosal margin 

Frontal margin 

Sagittal margin 

Frontal angle 

Occipital angle 

Sphenoidal angle 

Mastoid angle 

Parietal foramen 

Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi- 
nence) 

Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal 
ridge) 

Superior temporal line , 

Sagittal sulcus 

Transverse sulcus (O. T, groove for 
lateral sinus) 

Frontal bone 

Frontal squama (" scale ") 
Frontal surface 
Supraorbital margin 
Orbital part 
Ethmoidal notch 
3 



Nasál part 

Frontal spině (O. T. nasál spině) 

Nasál margin 

Parietal margin 

Zygomatic process 

Temporal surface 

Temporal line 

Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi- 
nence) 

Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary 
ridge) 

GlabeUa("smooth") 

Supraorbital foramen or notch 

Frontal notch or foramen 

Orbital surface 

Trochlear spině 

Trochlear pit 

Anterior ethmoidal foramen 

Posterior ethmoidal foramen 

Fossa of lacrimal gland 

Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur- 
face) 

Frontal crest 

Sagittal sulcus 

Blind foramen 

Frontal sinus 

Septum of frontal sinuses 

Ethmoid bone 

Cribriform plate 

Cock's comb 

Alar process 

Perpendicular plate 

Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T. lateral 

mass of ethmoid) 
Ethmoidal cells 
Ethmoidal funnel 

Semilunar hiatus 
Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble") 
Papyrus or páper plate (O. T. os 

pianům) 
Ethmoidal foramina 
Supreme turbinated bone 



24 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Concha nasalis superior 
Concha nasalis media 
Processus uncinatus 



Concha nasalis inferior 

Processus lacrimalis 
Processus maxillaris 
Processus ethmoidalis 

Os lacrimale 

Crista lacrimalis posterior 

Sukus lacrimalis 
Hamulus lacrimalis' 

Fossa sacci lacrimalis 

Os nasále 

Foramina nasalia 
Sulcus ethmoidalis" 



Vomer 



Ala vomeris 



Ossa faciei 

Maxilla 

Corpus maxillae 
Facies anterior 

Facies nasalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Facies infratemporalis 

Sinus maxillaris 

Margo infraorbitalis 
Canalis infraorbitalis 
Sulcus infraorbitalis 
Foramen infraorbitale 
Sutura infraorbitalis 
Fossa canina 



(Fossa praenasalis) 
Incisura nasalis 
Tuber maxillare 
Foramina alveolaria 
Canales alveolares 

Pianům orbitale 
Margo lacrimalis 
Sulcus lacrimalis 
Canalis nasolacrimalis 

Crista conchalis 
Processus frontalis 
Crista lacrimalis anterior 
Incisura lacrimalis 
Crista ethmoidalis 
Processus zygomaticus 

Processus palatinus 
Crista nasalis 
Spina nasalis anterior 
Os incisivum 
Canalis incisivus 
Sutura incisiva 
Spinae palatinae 
Sulci palatini 
Processus alveolaris 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 
Juga alveolaria 
Hiatus maxillaris 
Foramen incisivum 

Os palatinum 

Pars p e r pe n di c ular is 

Facies nasalis 
Facies maxillaris 
Incisura sphenopalatina 
Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
Processus pyramidalis 
Foramen palatinum majus 



OSTEOLOGY 



24 



Superior turbinated bone 
Middle turbinated bone 
Uncinate process (O. T. 
process) 



uncifonn 



Inf erior turbinated bone 

Lacrimal process 
Maxillary process 
Ethmoidal process 

Lacrimal bone 

Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri- 
mal crest) 

Lacrimal sukus 

Lacrimal hamulus ("hooklet") (O. T. 
hamular process) 

Fossa of lacrimal sac 

Nasál bone 

Nasál foramina 

Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for 
nasál nerve) 

Vomer, or ploughshare bone 

Wing of vomer 

Bones of the face 

Maxilla, or upper jawbone (O. T. 
superior maxillary bone) 

Body of maxilla 

Anterior surface (O. T. external or 

facial surface) 
Nasál surface 
Orbital surface 
Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo- 

matic surface) 
Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 

Highmore) 
Infraorbital margin 
Infraorbital canal 
Infraorbital groove 
Infraorbital foramen 
Infraorbital suture 
Canine fossa 



Prenasal fossa 

Nasál notch 

Maxillary tuber 

Alveolar foramina 

Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental 
canals) 

Orbital plain 

Lacrimal margin 

Lacrimal sulcus 

Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal 
groove) 

Turbinated crest 

Frontal process (O. T. nasál process) 

Anterior lacrimal crest 

Lacrimal notch 

Ethmoidal crest 

Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc- 
ess) 

Palatine process 

Nasál crest 

Anterior nasál spině 

Incisive hone 

Incisive canal 

Incisive suture 

Palatine spines 

Palatine grooves 

Alveolar process 

Alveolar margin 

Tooth cavities 

Interalveolar septa 

Alveolar yokes 

Maxillary hiatus 

Incisive foramen 

Palatě bone 

Perpendicular part (O. T. 

vertical plate) 
Nasál surface 
Maxillary surface 
Sphenopalatine notch 
Pterygopalatine sulcus 
Pyramidal process 
Larger palatine foramen 



25 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Foramina palatina mínora 
Canales palatini 
Crista conchalis 

Crista ethmoidalis 



Linea mylohyoidea 

Sulcus ifiylohyoideus 
Juga alveolaria 
Rámus mandibulae 



Processus orbitalis 
Processus sphenoidalis 
P ars hoři zon talis 

Facies nasalis 
Facies palatina 
Spina nasalis posterior 
Crista nasalis 

Os zygomaticum 

Facies malaris 
Facies temporalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Processus temporalis 

Processus frontosphenoidalis 

(Processus marginalis) 
Foramen zygomaticoorbitale 

Foramen zygomaticofaciale 

Foramen zygomaticotemporale 

Mandibula 

Corpus mandibulae 
Basis mandibulae 
Protuberantia mentalis 

Tuberculum mentale 
Spina mentalis 
Foramen mentale 
Linea obliqua 

Fossa digastrica 



Angulus mandibulae 
(Tuberositas masseterica) 
(Tuberositas pterygoidea) 
(Crista buccinatoria) 
Incisura mandibulae 

Processus condyloideus 

Capitulum [proč. condyl.] mandibulae 

CoUum [proč. condyloidei] mandibulae 

Fovea pterygoidea proč. condyloidei 

Processus coronoideus 

Foramen mandibulare 

Lingula mandibulae 
Canalis mandibulae 

Fovea sublingualis 
(Fovea submaxillaris) 

Pars alveolaris 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 

Os hyoideum 

Corpus oss. hyoidei 
Cornu minus 
Cornu majus 

Cranium 

Calvaria 

Pericranium 

Lamina externa 

Diploé 

Canales diploici [Brescheti] 

Lamina interna 

Facies [ossea] 



OSTEOLOGY 



2S 



Smaller palatíne foramen 

Palatine canals 

Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur- 
binated crest) 

Ethmoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi 
nated crest) 

Orbital process 

Sphenoidal process 

Horizontál part (O. T. hori- 
zontál plate) 

Nasál surface 

Palatine surface 

Posterior nasál spině 

Nasál crest 

Zygoma, or yoke bone (O. T. malar 

bone) 

Malar surface 

Temporal surface 

Orbital surface 

Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic 

process) 
Frontosphenoidal process (O. T. 

frontal process 
Marginal process 
Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T. 

temporo-malar canal) 
Zygomaticofacial foramen (O. T. 

malar foramen) 
Zygomaticotemporal foramen 

Mandible, or lower jaw bone (O. 
T. inferior maxillaiy bone) 

Body of lower jaw bone 

Base of lower jaw 
Mental protuberance (O. T. mental 

process) 
Mental tubercle 

Mental spině (O. T. genial tubercle) 
Mental foramen 
Oblique line (O. T, extemal oblique 

line) 
Digastric fossa 



Mylohyoid line (O. T. intemal oblique 

line) 
Mylohoid groove 
Alveolar yokes 
Rámus of lower jaw (O. T. perpen- 

dicular portion) 
Angle of lower jaw 
Masseteric tuberosity 
Pterygoid tuberosity 
Buccinator crest 
Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid 

notch) 
Condyloid process 

Head of condyloid process of lower jaw 
Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw 
Pterygoid pit of condyloid process 
Coronoid process 
Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior 

dental foramen) 
Mandibular tongue 
Mandibular canal (O. T. inferior 

dental canál) 
Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa) 
Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary 

fossa) 
Alveolar part 
Alveolar margin 
Tooth cavities 
Interalveolar septa 

Hyoid bone 

Body of hyoid bone 
Lesser horn 
Greater horn 

Skuli 

Skuli cap 

Periosteum of skuli 

Outer plate 

Cancellous bone 

Diploic canals or canals of Breschet 

Inner table 

Bony portion of face 



26 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Cranium cerebrale 

Cranium viscerale 

Vertex 

Frons 

Occiput 

Basis cranii interna 

Basis cranii externa 

Fossa cranii anterior 

Fossa cranii media 

Fossa cranii posterior 

Juga cerebralia 

Impressiones digitatae 

Sulci venosi 

Sulci arteriosi 

(Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni]) 

(Ossa suturarum) 
Pianům temporale 
Fossa temporalis 
Arcus zygomaticus 
Fossa infratemporalis 
Fossa pterygopalatina 

Canalis pterygopalatinus 

Foramen sphenopalatinum 
Apertura piriformis 
Cavimi naši 
Septum naši osseum 
Meatus naši communis 
Meatus naši superior 
Meatus naši medius 
Meatus naši inferior 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 
Choanae 

Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 
Foramen jugulare 
Fissura sphenopetrosa 
Fissura petrooccipitalis 
Fissura sphenooccipitalis 
Foramen lacerum 



Fibrocartilago basaiis 
Palatum durum 
(Torus palatinus) 
Orbita 

Aditus orbitae 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Margo infraorbitalis 
Paries superior 
Paries inferior 
Paries lateralis 
Paries medialis 
Fissura orbitalis superior 



Fissura orbitalis inferior 



Suturae cranii 

Sutura coronalis 
Sutura sagittalis 
Sutura lambdoidea 
Sutura occipitomastoidea 
Sutura sphenofrontalis 
Sutura sphenoorbitalis 
Sutura sphenoethmoidalis 
Sutura sphenosquamosa 
Sutura sphenoparietalis 
Sutura squamosa 
(Sutura frontalis) 
Sutura parietomastoidea 
(Sutura squamosomastoidea) 
Sutura nasofrontalis 
Sutura frontoethmoidalis 
Sutura frontomaxillaris 
Sutura frontolacrimalis 
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis 
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris 
Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris 
Sutura sphenozygomatica 
(Sutura sphenomaxillaris) 
Sutura zygomaticotemporalis 
Sutura internasalis 
Sutura nasomaxillaris 



OSTEOLOGY 



26 



Cerebral cranium oř calvaria 

Visceral cranium oř face 

Vertex oř crown of head 

Forehead 

Back of head 

Intemal base of skuli 

External base of skuli 

Anterior cranial fossa 

Middle cranial fossa 

Posterior cranial fossa 

Cerebral projections ("yokes") 

Digitate impressions 

Grooves of the veins 

Grooves of the arteries 

Granular foveoíae (O. T. Pacchionian 

depressions) 
Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones) 
Temporal plain 
Temporal fossa 
Zygomatic arch 
Infratemporal fossa 
Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno- 

maxillary fossa) 
Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior 

palatine canal) 
Sphenopalatine foramen 
Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares) 
Nasál cavity 
Bony nasál septum 
Common meatus of nose 
Superior meatus of nose 
Middle meatus of nose 
Inferior meatus of nose 
Nasopharyngeal meatus 
Choanae (" funnels") (O. T. posterior 

nares) 
Spheno-ethmoidal recess 
Jugular foramen 
Sphenopetrosal fissure 
Petro-occipital fissure 
Spheno-occipital fissure 
Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen 

lacerum medium) 



Basal fibrocartilage 

Hard palatě 

Palatine torus or protuberance 

Orbital cavity 

Orbital opening 

Supraorbital margin 

Infraorbital margin 

Superior wall 

Inferior wall 

Lateral wall 

Medial wall 

Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe- 

noidal fissure or foramen lacerum 

anterius) 
Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno- 

maxillary fissure) 

Sutures of the skuli 

Coronal suture 
Sagittal suture 
Lambdoidal suture 
Occipitomastoid suture 
Sphenofrontal suture 
Spheno-orbital suture 
Spheno-ethmoidal suture 
Sphenosquamosal suture 
Sphenoparietal suture 
Sqúamosal suture 
Frontal suture 
Parietomastoid suture 
Squamosomastoid suture 
Nasofrontal suture 
Fronto-ethmoidal suture 
Frontomaxillary suture 
Frontolacrimal suture 
Zygomaticofrontal suture 
Zygomaticomaxillary suture 
Ethmoideomaxillary suture 
Sphenozygomatic suture 
Sphenomaxillary suture 
Zygomaticotemporal suture 
Internasal suture 
Nasomaxillary suture 



27 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sutura lacrimomaxillaris 
Sutura lacrimoconchalis 
Sutura intermaxillaris 
Sutura palatomaxillaris 
Sutura palatoethmoidalis 
Sutura palatina mediána 
Sutura palatina transversa 

Synchondroses cranii 

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa 
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis intraoccipiiáLis posterior 
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior 
Synchondrosis iníersphenoidalis 
FofUictdus frorUalis [major] 
Fonticídus occipitalis [minor] 
FofUictdtis mastoideus 
Fonticídus sphenoidalis 

Ossa extremitatis superioris 

Cingulum extremitatis su- 
perioris 

Scapula 

Facies costalis 
Lineae musculares 
Fossa subscapularis 
Facies dorsalis 
Spina scapulae 
Fossa supraspinata 
Fossa infraspinata 
Acromion 

Facies articularis acromii 
Margo vertebralis 
Margo axillaris 
Margo superior 
Angulus inferior 
Angulus lateralis 
Angulus medialis 
Cavitas glenoidalis 
CoUum scapulae 
Tuberositas infraglenoidalis 



Tuberositas supraglenoidalis 
Incisura scapulae 

Processus coracoideus 

Clavicula 

Extremitas stemalis 
Facies articularis sternalis 
Tuberositas costalis 

Extremitas acromialis 
Facies articularis acromialis 
Tuberositas coracoidea 

Skeleton extremitatis su 
perioris liberae 

Humerus 

Caput humeri 

CoUum anatomicum 

Collum chirurgicum x 

Tuberculum majus 

Tuberculum minus 

Sulcus intertubercularis 

Crista tuberculi majoris 

Crista tuberculi minoris 

Corpus humeri 

Facies anterior medialis 

Facies anterior lateralis 

Facies posterior 
Margo medialis 
Margo lateralis 
Tuberositas deltoidea 
Sulcus n. radialis 



OSTEOLOGY 



27 



Lacrimomaxillary suture 
Lacrimoconchal suture 
Intermaxillary suture 
Palatomaxillary suture 
Palato-ethmoidal suture 
Medián palatine suture 
Transverse palatine suture 

Synchondroses of the sktiU 

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis 
Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis 
Petro-occipital synchondrosis 
Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis 
Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis 
Intersphenoidal synchondrosis 
Larger jrontal jontanelle 
Smaller occipital fontanelle 
Mastoid fontanelle 
Sphenoidal fontanelle 

Bones of upper extremity 

Shoulder girdle 

Shoulder-blade 

Costal surface 

Muscular lineš 

Subscapular fossa 

Dorsal surface 

Spině of the scapula 

Supraspinous fossa 

Infraspinous fossa 

Acromion, oř acromial process 

Articular surface of acromion 

Vertebral margin 

Axillary margin 

Superior margin 

Inferior angle 

Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle) 

Medial angle (O. T. superior angle) 

Glenoid cavity 

Neck of the scapula 

Infraglenoidal tuberosity 



Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su- 

praglenoid tubercle) 
Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular 

notch) 
Coracoid (" crow's beak") process 

Collar bone or clavicle 

Sternal extremity 

Sternal articular surface 

Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression 

for rhomboid ligament) 
Acromial extremity 
Acromial articular surface 
Coracoid tuberosity (O. T. impression 

for conoid ligament) 

Skeleton of free upper 
extremity 

HumeruSy or upper arm bone 

Head of humerus 

Anatomical neck 

Surgical neck 

Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber- 
osity) 

Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber- 
osity) 

Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital 
groove) 

Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior 
bicipital ridge) 

Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an- 
terior bicipital ridge) 

Body of humerus, or shaft 

Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal 
surface) 

Lateral anterior surface (O. T. extemal 
surface) 

Posterior surface 

Medial margin (O. T. internal border) 

Lateral margin (O. T. external border) 

Deltoid tuberosity 

Groove for radiál nerve (O. T. muscu- 
lospiral groove) 



28 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sukus n. ulnarís 
Capitulum humeri 

Trochlea humeri 
Epicondylus medialis 

Epicondylus lateralis 

Fossa olecrani 

Fossa coronoidea 

Fossa radialis 

(Processus supracondyloideus) 

> 

Rádius 

Corpus radii 
Capitulum radii 
Fovea capituli radii 
CoUum radii 

Circumferentia articularis 
Tuberositas radii 

Crista interossea 

Facies dorsalis 
Facies volaris 
Facies lateralis 
Margo dorsalis 
Margo volaris 
Processus styloideus 
Incisura ulnaris 
Facies articularis carpea 

Ulna 

Corpus ulnae 
Olecranon 

Processus coronoideus 
Tuberositas ulnae 
Incisura semilunaris 

Incisura radialis 

Crista interossea 



Facies dorsalis 

Facies volaris 
Facies medialis 
Margo dorsalis 
Margo volaris 
Crista m. supinatoris 
Capitulum ulnae 

Circumferentia articularis 
Processus styloideus 

Carpus 
Ossa carpi 
(Os centrále) 
Os naviculare manus 

Tuberculum oss. navicularis 
Os lunatum 
Os triquetrum 

Os pisiforme 

Os multangulum majus 

Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris 
Os multangulum minus 

Os capitatum 
Os hamatum 

Hamulus oss. hamati 
Eminentia carpi radialis 
Eminentia carpi ulnaris 
Sukus carpi 

Metacarpus 

Ossa metacarpalia I — V 

Basis 

Corpus 

Capitulum 
Os metacarpale III 

Processus styloideus 

Phalanges digitorum manus 

Phalanx prima 
Phalanx secunda 



OSTEOLOGY 



28 



Groove for ulnar nerve 

Capitulum oř little head of humenis 

(O. T. capitellum oř radiál head) 
Trochlea ("puUey") of hiimerus 
Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con- 

dyle) 
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external 

condyle) 
Olecranon fossa 
Coronoid fossa 
Radiál fossa 
Supracondyloid process 

Rádius ("spoke") 

Body of rádius, oř shaft 

Head of rádius 

Pit of head of rádius 

Neck of rádius 

Articular circumference 

Tuberosity of rádius (O. T. bicipital 

tuberosity) 
Interosseous crest (O. T. internal or 

interosseous border) 
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Lateral surface (O. T. external surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Styloid process 

Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity) 
Carpal articular surface 

Ulna, or elbow bone 

Body of ulna, or shaft 

Olecranon, or point of the elbow 

Coronoid process 

Tuberosity of the ulna 

Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig- 
moid cavity) 

Radiál notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid 
cavity) 

Interosseous crest (O. T. external or 
interosseous border) 



Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur- 
face) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Medial surface (O. T. internal surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Ridge of supinator muscle 
Head of ulna 

Articular circumference 
Styloid process 

Wrist 
Bones of the wrist 
Central bone 

Navicular bone of the hand (O. T. 
scaphoid) 

Tubercle of navicular bone 
Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar) 
Three-cornered bone (O. T. cuneiform 

bone) 
Pisiform bone 

Large multangular bone (O. T. tra- 
pezium) 

Tubercle of large multangular bone 
Small multangular bone (O. T. trape- 

zoid) 
Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum) 
Hooked bone (O. T. unciform) 

Hook of os hamatum 
Radiál eminence of wrist 
Ulnar eminence of wrist 
Carpal sukus 

Metacarpus 

Metacarpal bones I — ^V 

Base 

Body, or shaft 

Head 
Third metacarpal bone 

Styloid process 

Phalanges of the fíngers 

First phalanx 
Second phalanx 



29 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Phalanx tertia 
Basis phalangis 
Corpus phalangis 
Trochlea phalangis 
Tuberositas unguicularis 
Ossa sesamoidea 

Ossa extremitatis inferioris 

Cingulum extremitatis in- 
ferioris 

Os coxae 

Foramen obturatum 
Acetabulum 
Fossa acetabuli 
Incisura acetabuli 
Facies lunata 
Sulci paraglenoidales 

Os ilium 

Corpus oss. ilium 
Ala oss. ilium 
Linea arcuata 
Crista iliaca 

Labium exteraum 

Linea intermedia 

Labium intemum 
Spina iliaca anterior superior 
Spina iliaca anterior inferior 
Spina iliaca posterior superior 
Spina iliaca posterior inferior 
Linea glutaea anterior 

Linea glutaea posterior 

Linea glutaea inferior 

Facies auricularis 
Tuberositas iliaca 
Fossa iliaca 

Os ischii 

Corpus oss. ischii 
Rámus superior oss. ischii 



Rámus inferior oss. ischii 
Tuber ischiadicum 
Spina ischiadica 
Incisura ischiadica major 
Incisura ischiadica minor 

Os pubis 

Corpus oss. pubis 

Pecten oss. pubis 

Eminentia iliopectinea 

Tuberculum pubicum 

Crista obturatoria 

Sulcus obturatorius 

Tuberculum obturatorium anterius 

(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius) 

Rámus inferior oss. pubis 

Rámus superior oss. pubis 

Facies symphyseos 

Pelvis 

Symphysis ossium pubis 
Arcus pubis 
Angulus pubis 
Pelvis major 
Pelvis minor 
Linea terminalis 

Pars sacralis 

Pars iliaca 

Pars pubica 
Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior 

Apertiu*a pelvis [minoris] inferior 

Axis pelvis 
Conjugata 



OSTEOLOGY 



29 



Third phalanx 
Base of phalanx 
Body of phalanx, oř shaft 
Pulley of phalanx 
Ungual tuberosity 
Sesamoíd bones 

Bones of the lower extremity 

Pelvic girdle 

Hip bone (O. T. os innominatum) 

Obturator ("dosed") foramen 
Acetabulum ("cup") 
Fossa of the acetabulum 
Acetabular notch 
Lunate surface 
Paraglenoid grooves 

Iliuniy or flank bone 

Body of ilium 
Wing of ilium 
Curved lineš 
Iliac crest 

External lip 

Intermediate line 

Internal lip 
Superior anterior iliac spině 
Inferior anterior iliac spině 
Superior posterior iliac spině 
Inferior posterior iliac spině 
Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle 

curved line) 
Posterior gluteal line (O. T. superior 

curved line) 
Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior 

curved line) 
Auricular surface 
Iliac tuberosity 
Iliac fossa 

Ischium, or bone of the hip 

Body of ischium 
Superior rámus of ischium 



Inferior rámus of ischium (O. T. 
ascending rámus) 

Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the 
ischium) 

Sciatic spině (O. T. spině of the is- 
chium) 

Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great 
sacro-sciatic notch) 

Lesser sciatic notch (O. T. lesser 
sacro-sciatic notch) 

Pubic bone 

Body of pubic bone 

Pecten ("comb") of pubic bone 

Iliopectineal eminence 

Pubic tubercle (O. T. spině of os pubis) 

Obturator crest 

Obturator sulcus 

Anterior obturator tubercle 

Posterior obturator tubercle 

Inferior rámus of pubic bone (O. T. 

descending rámus) 
Superior rámus of pubic bone (O. T. 

ascending rámus) 
Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis 

pubis) 

Pelvis ("basin") 

Symphysis of pubic bones 

Pubic arch 

Angle of pubis 

Large pelvis (O. T. falše pelvis) 

Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis) 

Terminál line 

Sacral part 

Iliac part 

Pubic part 
Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O.* T. 

pelvic inlet) 
Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. 

pelvic outlet) 
Axis of pelvis 
Conjugate diameter 



30 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Diameter transversa 
Diameter obliqua 
Inclinatio pelvis 

Skeleton extremitatis in 
f erioris lib erae 

Femur 

Caput femoris 
Fovea capitis femoris 
Collum femoris 
Corpus femoris 
Trochanter major 
Fossa trochanterica 
Trochanter minor 
(Trochanter tertius) 
Linea intertrochanterica 
Crista intertrochanterica 

Linea aspera 

Labium laterale 

Labium mediale 
Linea pectinea 
Tuberositas glutaea 
Fossa intercondyloidea 
Linea intercondyloidea 
Pianům popliteum 
Condylus medialis 
Condylus lateralis 
Facies patellaris 
Epicondylus lateralis 

Epicondylus medialis 

Tibia 

Facies articularis superior 
Corpus tibiae 
Cohdylus medialis 

Condylus lateralis 

Fossa intercondyloidea anterior 
Fossa intercondyloidea posterior 



Eminentia intercondyloidea 

Tuberculum intercondyloideum me- 
diale 

Tuberculum intercondyloideum late- 
rale 

Margo infraglenoidalis 

Tuberositas tibiae 

Facies medialis 

Facies posterior 

Facies lateralis 

Margo medialis 

Crista anterior 

Crista interossea 

Linea poplitea 

Malleolus medialis 

Incisura fibularis 
Sulcus malleolaris 
Facies articularis inferior 
Facies articularis malleolaris 

Fibula 

Corpus fibulae 
Crista interossea 
Crista anterior 
Crista lateralis 
Crista medialis 
Facies medialis 
Facies lateralis 
Facies posterior 
Capitulum fibulae 
Facies articularis capituli 
Apex capituli fibulae 
Malleolus lateralis 

Facies articularis malleoli 

Patella 

Basis patellae 
Apex patellae 
Facies articularis 



OSTEOLQGY 



30 



Transverse diameter 
Oblique diameter 
Pelvic incline 

Skeleton of free lower 
extremity 

Thigh bone 

Head of femur 

Pit of the head of femur 

Neck of femur 

Body, or shaft, of femur 

Great trochanter 

Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa) 

Lesser trochanter 

Third trochanter 

Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spirál line) 

Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter- 
trochanteric line) 

Rough line 
Lateral lip 
Medial lip 

Pectineal line 

Gluteal tuberosity 

Intercondyloid fossa 

Intercondyloid line 

Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space) 

Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle) 

Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle) 

Patellar surface 

Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube- 
osity) 

Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber- 
osity) 

Shin bone 

Superior articular surface 

Body or shaft of tibia 

Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber- 
osity) 

Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber- 
osity) 

Anterior intercondyloid fossa 

Posterior intercondyloid fossa 



Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous 

process) 
Medial intercondyloid tubercle 

Lateral intercondyloid tubercle 

Infraglenoidal margin 

Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle) 

Medial surface 

Posterior surface 

Lateral surface 

Medial margin 

Anterior crest 

Interosseous crest 

Popliteal line 

Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal- 

leolus) 
Fibular notch 
Malleolar sukus 
Inferior articular surface 
Malleolar articular surface 

Calf bone 

Body or shaft of fibula 
Interosseous crest 
Anterior crest 
Lateral crest 
Medial crest 
Medial surface 
Lateral surface 
Posterior surface 
Head of fibula 
Articular surface of head 
Apex of head of fibula 
Lateral malleolus (O. T. external mal- 
leolus) 
Articular surface of malleolus 

Knee-cap 

Base of patella 
Apex of patella 
Articular surface 



31 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tarsus 

Ossa tarsi 

Talus 

Caput táli 

Corpus táli 

CoUum táli 

Trochlea táli 
Facies superior 
Facies malleolaris medialis 
Facies malleolaris lateralis 

Sulcus táli 

Processus lateralis táli 

Facies articularis calcanea posterior 

Facies articularis calcanea media 

Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Facies articularis navicularis 
Facies articularis calcanea anterior 
Processus posterior táli 
(Os trigonum) 

Calcaneus 

Corpus calcanei 
Tuber calcanei 

Processus medialis tuberis cal- 
canei 
Processus lateralis tuberis cal- 
canei 
Sustentaculum táli 
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Sulcus calcanei 

Sinus tarsi 

Facies articularis anterior 



Facies articularis media 
Facies articularis posterior 
Sulcus m. peronaei 
(Processus trochlearis) 
Facies articularis cuboidea 

Os naviculare pedis 

Tuberositas oss. navicularis 

Os cuneiforme primtim 

Os cuneiforme secundum 

Os cuneiforme tertium 

Os cuboideum 

Sulcus m. peronaei 
Tuberositas oss. cuboidei 

Metatarsus 

Ossa metatarsalia I — V 

Basis 

Corpus 

Capitulum 
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I 
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V 

Phalanges digitorum pedis 

Phalanx prima 
Phalanx secunda 
Phalanx tertia 

Tuberositas unguicularis 
Basis phalangis 
Corpus phalangis 
Trochlea phalangis 

Ossa sesamoidea 



OSTEOLOGY 



31 



Root of tbe foot 

Tarsal bones 

Ankle bone (O. T. astragalus) 

Head of ankle bone 
Body of ankle bone 
Neck of ankle bone 
Trochlea (" puUey") of ankle bone 

Superior surface 

Medial malleolar surface 

Lateral malleolar surface 
Sukus of ankle bone 
Lateral process of ankle bone 
Posterior calcanean articular surface 
Middle calcanean articular surface 
Groove for the long flexor muscle of 

the great toe 
Navicular articular surface 
Anterior calcanean articular surface 
Posterior process of ankle bone 
Triangular bone 

Heel bone (O. T. os calcis) 

Body of heel bone 
Calcanean tuber 
Medial process of calcanean tuber 

Lateral process of calcanean tuber 

Support of ankle bone 

Groove for the long flexor muscle of 

great toe 
Calcanean sukus 
Tarsal sinus 
Anterior articular surface 



Middle articular surface 
Posterior articular surface 
Groove for peroneal muscle 
Trochlear process 
Cuboid articular surface 

Scaphoid bone of foot 

Tuberosity of scaphoid bone 

First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 
Second Cuneiform, orWedge Bone 
Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Cuboid bone 

Groove for peroneal muscle 
Tuberosity of cuboid bone 

Metatarsus, or ''after-root" of foot 

Metatarsal bones I — ^V 

Base 

Body 

Head 
Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone 
Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone 

Phalanges of toes 

First phalanx 

Second phalanx 

Third phalanx 
Ungual tuberosity 

Base of phalanx 

Body of phalanx 

Trochlea ("puUey or block") of pha- 
lanx 

Sesamoid bones 



32 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Syndesmolo^ía 



Junctura ossium 
Synarthrosis 

Sutura 
Sutura serrata 
Sutura squamosa 
Harmonia 

Gomphosis 

Synchondrosis 

Symphy^is 
Diarthrosis 

Articulatio 

Articulatio simplex 

Articulatio composita 

Arthrodia 

Articulatio sphaeroidea 

Enarthrosis 

Ginglymus 

Articulatio cochlearis 

Articulatio ellipsoidea 

Articulatio trochoidea 

Articulatio sellaris 

Amphiarthrosis 
Syndesmosis 
Cartilago articularis 
Cavum articulare 
Discus articularis 

Labrum glenoidale 

Meniscus articularis 

Capsula articularis 
Stratům fibrosum 
Stratům synoviale 

Plica synovialis 

Villi synoviales 

Synovia 



Ligamenta columnae vertebralis 

et cranii 

Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales 
Annulus fibrosus 
Nucleus pulposus 
Ligg. flava 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. intertransversaria 

Ligg. interspinalia 

Lig. supraspinale 

Lig. nuchae 

Lig. longitudinale anterius 

Lig. longitudinale posterius 

Symphysis sacrococcygea 

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super- 

ficiale 
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro- 

fundum 
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius 
Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale 
Lig. pterygospinosum 
Lig. stylohyoideum 

Articulatio atlantooccipitalis 

Capsulae articulares 

Membrána atlantooccipitalis anterior 

Membrána atlantooccipitalis posterior 

Articulatio atlantoepistrophica 

Capsulae articulares 



Syndesmology, or Joint Axticulation 



3a 



Syndesmology, or Joínt Artículatíon 



Joiiiing of bones 
Immovable articulation 

Suture or seam 
Serrated suture 
Scaly suture 
Apposition suture 

Socket articulation 

Cartilaginous articulation 

Bony coalescence or junction 
Movable articulation 

Joint 

Simple joint 

Compound joint 

Gliding joint 

Spherical joint 

Ball-and-socket joint 

Hinge-joint 

Spirál joint 

EUiptical joint 

Trochoid or pivot joint 

Saddle joint 

Mixed articulation 
Ligamentous union 
Articular cartilage 
Joint cavity 
Articular disk (O. T. interarticular 

fibrocartilage) 
Glenoid lip 
Articular crescent 
Joint-capsule 

Fibrous layer 

Synovial layer 
Synovial fold 
Synovial tufts 
Joint-oil 



Ligaments of the spině and 

skuli 

Intervertebral fibrocartilages 

Fibrous ring 

Pulp-like nucleus 

Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub- 

flava) 
Joint-capsules 
Intertransverse ligaments 
Interspinous ligaments 
Supraspinous ligament 
Ligament of the napě 
Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 

anterior common ligament) 
Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 

posterior common ligament) 

Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx 

« 

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga- 
ment 

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament 

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament 

Pterygospinous ligament 

Stylohyoid ligament 

Joint between atlas and occipital 

bone 

Joint-capsules 

Anterior atlanto-occipital membráně 

Posterior atlanto-occipital membráně 

Joint between atlas and epis« 
tropheus or axis 

Joint-capsules 



33 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ligg. alaria 

Lig. apicis dentis 

Lig. transversum atlantis 
Lig. cruciatum atlantis 
Membrána tectoria 



Articulationes costovertebrales 
Articulatíones capitulorum 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. capituli costae radiatum 

Lig. capituli costae interarticulare 

Articulationes costotransversa- 

riae 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. tuberculi costae 

Lig. coUi costae 

Lig. costotransversarium anterius 

Lig. costotransversarium posterius 

Lig. lumbocostale 

Foramen costotransversarium 

Articulationes sternocostales 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. sternocostale interarticulare 



Ligg. sternocostalia radiata 



Membrána sterni 
Ligg. costoxiphoidea 

Ligg. intercostalia 

Ligg. intercostalia ex terna 
Ligg. intercostalia interna 

Articulationes interchondrales 



Articulatio mandibularís 

Capsula articularis 

Discus articularis 
Lig. temporomandibulare 
Lig. sphenomandibulare 
Lig. stylomandibulare 

Ligg. cinguli extremitatis su- 

perioris 

Lig. coracoacromiale 

Lig. transversum scapulae superius 

Lig. transversum scapulae inferius 

Articulatio acromioclavicularis 

Capsula articularis 
Lig. acromioclaviculare 
(Discus articularis) 
Lig. coracoclaviculare 

Lig. trapezoideum 

Lig. conoideum 

Articulatio sternoclavicularis 

Capsula articularis 
Discus articularis 
Lig. sternoclaviculare 
Lig. costoclaviculare 

Lig. interclaviculare 

Articulatio humen 

Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 
Lig. coracohumerale 

Articulatio cubiti 

Articulatio humeroulnaris 
Articulatio humeroradialis 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



33 



Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid oř 
check ligaments) 

Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus- 
pensory ligament) 

Transverse ligament of atlas 

Cruciform ligament of atlas 

Tectorial ("roof") membráně (O. T. 
posterior occipito-axial ligament) 

Joints between ríbs and vertebrae 

Capitular joints, or articulations 
between the heads of the ríbs 
and the vertebrae 

Joint-capsules 

Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T. 

anterior costovertebral or stellate 

ligament) 
Interarticular ligament of head of rib 

Costotrans verse joints 

Joint-capsules 
Ligament of tubercle of rib 
Ligament of neck of rib 
Anterior costotransverse ligament 
Posterior costotran§verse ligament 
Lumbocostal ligament 
Costotransverse foramen 

Stemocostal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O. 
T. interarticular chondrosternal liga- 
ment) 

Radiate stemocostal ligaments (O. T. 
anterior and posterior chondrosternal 
ligaments) 

Membráně of sternum 

Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon- 
droxiphoid ligaments) 

Intercostal ligaments 

External intercostal ligaments 
Internal intercostal ligaments 

Interchondral joints 



Jaw-joint 

Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga- 
ment) 

Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro- 
cartilage) 

Temporomandibular ligament (O. T. 
external lateral ligament) 

Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo- 
maxillary ligament) 

Ligaments of tlie girdle of upper 

extremity 

Coraco-acromial ligament 

Superior transverse ligament of scapula 

Inferior transverse ligament of scapula 

Acromioclavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 

Acromioclavicular ligament 
Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage 
Coracoclavicular ligament 

Trapezoid ligament 

Conoid ligament 

Stemoclavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 
Articular disk 
Stemoclavicular ligament 
Costoclavicular ligament (O. T. rhom- 

boid ligament) 
Interclavicular ligament 

Slioulder-joint 

Joint-capsule 

Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament) 
Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces- 
sory ligament) 

Elbow-joint 

Hvimero-ulnar articulation 
Humeroradial articulation 



35 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Lig. sacrotuberosum 

Processus falciformis 

Lig. sacrospinosum 

Foramen ischiadicum majus 
Foramen ischiadicum minus 

Articulatio sacroiliaca 

Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora 
Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum 

Symphysis ossium pubis 

Lig. pubicum superius 

Lig. arcuatum pubis 

Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica 

Articulatio coxae 

Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 
Lig. transversum acetabuli 
Lig. teres femoris 
Zóna orbicularis 

Lig. iliofemorale 

Lig. ischiocapsulare 

Lig. pubocapsulare 



Articulatio genu 

Capsula articularis 
Meniscus lateralis 

Meniscus medialis 

Lig. transversum genu 
Ligg. cruciata genu 



Lig. cruciatum anterius 
Lig. cruciatum posterius 
Plica synovialis patellaris 

Plicae alares 

Lig. collaterale fibulare 

Lig. collaterale tibiale 

Lig. popliteum obliquum 

Lig. popliteum arcuatum 
Retinaculum lig. arcuati 
Lig. patellae 

Retinaculum patellae mediale 
Retinaculum patellae laterale 

Articulatio tibiofibularis 

Capsula articularis 
Ligg. capituli fibulae 



Membrána interossea cruris 



Syndesmosis tibiofibularis 

Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius 
Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius 

Articulationes pedis 

Articulatio talocruralis 

Capsula articularis 
Lig, deltóideum 



Lig. tibionaviculare 
Lig. calcaneotibiale 
Lig. talotibiale anterius 
Lig. talotibiale posterius 
Lig. talofibulare anterius 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



3S 



Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste- 
rior oř great sacrosciatic ligament) 

Falciform process (O. T. falciforra 
ligament) 

Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior 
oř small sacrosciatic ligament) 

Greater sciatic foramen 

Lesser sciatic foramen 

Sacro»iliac joint 

Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments 
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments 
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament 
Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament 

Symphysis of pubic bones 

Superior pubic ligament 
Arcuate ligament of pubis 
Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina 

Hip-joint 

Joint-capsule 

Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament) 
Transverse ligament of acetabulum 
Round ligament of the femur 
Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or 

ring ligament) 
Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped 

ligament of Bigelow) 
Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio- 

capsular band) 
Pubocapsular ligament (O. T. pubo- 
capsular band, or pubofemorál liga- 
ment) 

Knee-joint 

Joint-capsule 

Lateraí meniscus (O. T. external 
semilunar fibrocartilage) 

Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage) 

Transverse ligament of the knee 

Crucial ligaments of the knee 



Anterior crucial ligament 
Posterior crucial ligament 
Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen- 

tura. mucosum) 
Alar folds (O. T. ligamentum alaria) 
Fibular coUateral ligament (O. T. 

long external lateral ligament) 
Tibial coUateral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 
Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T. 

posterior ligament) 
Arcuate popliteal ligament 
Retaining band of arcuate ligament 
Ligament of thepatella 
Medial retaining band of patella 
Lateral retaining band of patella 

Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior 
tibiofibular articulation) 

Joint-capsule 

Ligaments of the head of the fibula 
(O. T. anterior and posterior supe- 
rior tibiofibular ligaments) 

Interosseous membráně of leg (O. T. 
middle tibiofibular ligament) 

Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T. 
inferior tibiofibular articulation) 

Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus 
Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus 

Joints of the foot 

Ankle-joint 

Joint-capsule 

Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat- 
eral ligament and anterior and 
posterior tibiotarsal ligaments) 
Tibionavicular ligament 
Calcaneotibial ligament 
Anterior talotibial ligament 
Posterior talotibial ligament 

Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 
anterior fasciculus of external lateral 
ligament) 



36 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Lig. talofibulare posterius 



Pars calcaneonavicularis 



Lig. calcaneofibulare 



Articulationes intertarseae 

Articulatio talocalcaneonavicu* 

laris 

Articulatio talocalcanea 

Capsula articularis 

JÁg. talocalcaneum laterale 



Pars calcaneocuboidea 

Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale 
Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia 

Ligg. tarsi plantaria 

Lig. plantare longum 

Ligg. tarsi profunda 

Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare 
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare 



Lig. talocalcaneum mediale 



Lig. talocalcaneum anterius 
Lig. talocalcaneum posterius 

Articulatio tarsi transversa 
[Choparti] 

Articulatio talonavicularis 

Capsula articularis 

Articulatio calcaneocuboidea 

Capsula articularis 

Articulatio cuneonavicularís 

Ligg. tarsi interossea 

Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum 
Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum 
Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea 

Ligg. tarsi dorsalia 

Lig. talonaviculare [dorsale] 



Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale 
Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale 
Lig. bifurcatum 



Fibrocartilago navicularis 

Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan- 
taria 

Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare 
Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria 
Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare 

Articulationes tarsometatarseae 

Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia 
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria 
Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea 

Articulationes intermetatarseae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] interossea 

Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia 

Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria 

Spatia interossea metatarsi 

Articulationes metatarsophalan- 

geae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. collateralia 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



36 



Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 

posterior fasciculus of external lat- 

eral ligament) 
Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid- 

dle fasciculus of external lateral 

ligament) 

Intertarsal joints 
Talocalcaneonavicular joint 

Talocalcanean joint 

Joint-capsule 

Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
external calcaneo-astragaloid liga- 
ment) 

Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
internal calcaneo-astragaloid liga- 
ment) 

Anterior talocalcanean ligament 

Posterior talocalcanean ligament 

Choparťs transverse articulation 
of the tarsus 

Talonavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 

Calcaneocuboid joint 

Jcint-capsule 

Cuneonavicular joint 

Interosseous ligaments of tarsus 

Interosseous talocalcanean ligament 
Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament 
Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments 

Dorsal ligaments of tarsus 

Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T. 
superior astragalonavicular liga- 
ment) 

Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament 

Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament 

Bifurcate ligament 



Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su- 
perior or external calcaneonavicu- 
lar ligament) 
Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in- 
ternal calcaneocuboid ligament) 
Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament 
Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments 

Plantar ligaments of tarsus 

Long plantar ligament (O. T. long 

calcaneocuboid ligament) 
Deep ligaments of tarsus 

Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament 
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament 
(O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular 
ligament) 
Navicular fibrocartilage 
Plantar navicular cuneiform liga- 
ments 
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament 
Plantar intercuneiform ligaments 
Plantar cuneocuboid ligament 

Tarsometatarsal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Interosseous cuneometatarsal liga- 
ments 

Intermetatarsal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interosseous ligaments of the bases of 

the metatarsal bones 
Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the 

metatarsal bones 
Plantar ligaments of the bases of the 

metatarsal bones 
Interosseous spaces of metatarsus 

Metatarsophalangeal joints 

Joint-capsules 
CoUateral ligaments 



37 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ligg. accessoria plantaria 
Ligg. capitulonim [oss. 
transversa 



Articulatíones digitorum pedis 

metatars.] Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. coUateralia 



Myolo^ía 



Musculiis 
Caput 
Venter 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Tendo 



fusiformis 

unipennatus 

bipennatus 

sphincter 

orbicularis 

articularis 

skeleti 

cutaneus 



Aponeurosis 
Perimysium 
Fascia 

Fascia superficialis 
Inscriptio tendinea 
Arcus tendineus 
Ligamentum vaginale 
Vagina fibrosa tendinis 
Vagina mucosa tendinis 
Trochlea muscularis 
Bursa mucosa 



Musculí dorsi 

M. trapezius 
(M. transversus nuchae) 
M. latissimus dorsi 
M. rhomboideus major 
M. rhomboideus minor 
M. levator scapulae 

M. serratus posterior inferior 
M. serratus posterior superior 
M. splenius cervicis 

M. splenius capitis 
M. sacrospinalis 

M. iliocostalis 
M. iliocostalis lumborum 

M. iliocostalis dorsi 



M. iliocostalis cervicis 

M. longissimus 
M. longissimus dorsi 
M. longissimus cervicis 

M. longissimus capitis 

M. spinalis 
M. spinalis dorsi 
M. spinalis cervicis 

M. spinalis capitis 
M. semispinalis 

M. semispinalis dorsi 
M. semispinalis cervicis 

M. semispinalis capitis 



Myology, or Musculature 



37 



Plantar accessory ligaments Joints of the toes 

Transverse ligaments of the heads of Joint-capsules 
the metatarsal bones Collateral ligaments 



Myology, or Musculature 



Muscle 

Head 

Belly 
Fusiform muscle 
Unipennate muscle 
Bipennate muscle 
Sphincter muscle 
Orbicular muscle 
Joint muscle 
Skeletal muscle 
Skin muscle 
Tendon 



Tendinous expansion 
Perimysium, or muscle sheath 
Fascia (" band oř swathe"), or fibrous 
covering 
Superficial fascia 
Tendinous inscription 
Tendinous arch 
Sheath ligament 
Fibrous sheath of tendon 
Mucous sheath of tendon 
Muscle pulley 
Mucous bursa or sac 



Muscles of the back 

Trapezius muscle 

Transverse muscle of napě 

Broadest muscle of back 

Greater rhomboid muscle 

Lesser rhomboid muscle 

Leva tor muscle of scapula (O. T. 

levator anguli scapulae) 
Inferior posterior serratus muscle 
Superior posterior serratus muscle 
Splenius ("bandage") muscle of neck 

(O. T. splenius colli) 
Splenius muscle of head 
Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector 

spinae) 
Iliocostal muscle 

Iliocostal muscle of loins (O. T. 
sacrolumbalis) 

Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T. 
musculus accessorius) 



Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer- 

vicalis ascendens) 
Longest muscle 

Longest muscle of back 

Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans- 

versalis cervicis) 
Longest muscle of head (O. T. 

trachelomastoid) 
Spinal muscle 

Spinal muscle of back 

Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinalis 

colli) 
Spinal muscle of head 
Semispinal muscle 

Semispinal muscle of back 
Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T. 

semispinalis colli) 
Semispinal muscle of head (O. T. 

complexus) 



38 



Anatomical Nomenclatuke 



M. multifídus 

Mm. rotatores 
M. rotatores longi 
M. rotatores breves 

M. interspinales 

Mm. intertransversarii 
Mm. intertransversarii laterales 
Mm. intertransversarii mediales 
Mm. intertransversarii anteriores 
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores 

M. rectus capitis posterior major 

M. rectus capitis posterior minor 

M. rectus capitis lateralis 
M. obliquus capitis superior 
M. obliquus capitis inferior 
Fascia lumbodorsalis 
Fascia nuchae 

Musculi capitis 

M. epicranius 

M. frontd,lis 
M. occipitalis 
M. proceníš 

M. nasalis 

Pars transversa 

Pars alaris 
M. depressor septi 
M. orbicularis oculi 

Pars palpebralis 

Pars orbitalis 

Pars lacrímalis [Homeri] 

M. auricularis anterior 

M. auricularis superior 



M. auricularis posterior 

M. orbicularis oris 
M. triangularis 

(M. transversus menti) 
M. risorius 
M. zygomaticus 
M. quadratus labii superioris 
Caput zygomaticum 

Caput infraorbitale 

Caput angulare 

M. quadratus labii inferioris 

M. caninus 

M. buccinator 

Mm. incisivi labii superioris 

Mm. incisivi labii inferioris 

M. mentalis 

M. masseter 

M. temporalis 

M. pterygoideus extemus 

M. pterygoideus internus 

Galea aponeurotica 

Fascia buccopharyngea 
Fascia parotideomasseterica 
Fascia temporalis 

Musculi oss. hyoidei 

M. digastricus 

Venter anterior 

Venter posterior 
M. stylohyoideus 
M. mylohyoideus 
M. geniohyoideus 

Musculi coUi 

Platysma 



Myology, or Musculature 



38 



Multifidus ("much divided") muscle 
(O. T. multifidus spinae) 

Rotator muscles 
Long rotator muscles 
Short rotator muscles 

Interspinal muscles 

Intertransverse muscles 

Lateral intertransverse muscles 
Medial intertransverse muscles 
Anterior intertransverse muscles 
Posterior intertransverse muscles 

Larger posterior straight muscle of the 
head 

Lesser posterior straight muscle of the 
head 

Lateral straight muscle of the head 

Superior oblique muscle of the head 

Inferior oblique muscle of the head 

Lumbodorsal fascia 

Fascia of the napě 

Muscles of the head 

Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito- 
frontalis) 
Frontal muscle 
Occipital muscle 

Proceníš (" prolonged") muscle (O. 
T. pyramidalis naši) 
Muscle of the nose 
Transverse part 
Alar part 
Depressor muscle of the septum 
Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T. 
orbicularis palpebrarum) 
Palpebral part 
Orbital part 

Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or 
Horner's muscle) 
Anterior auricular muscle (O. T. 

attrahens auriculam) 
Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto- 
lens auriculam) 



Posterior auricular muscle (O. T. 

retrahens auriculam) 
Orbicular muscle of the mouth 
Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor 

anguli oris) 
Transverse muscle of the chin 
Muscle of laughing 
Zygomatic muscle 
Quadrate muscle of upper lip 

Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus 
minor) 

Infraorbital head (O. T. levator 
labii superioris) 

Angular head (O. T. levator labii 
sup)erioris alaeque naši) 
Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T. 

depressor labii inferioris) 

Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli 
oris) 

Cheek muscle 

Incisive muscles of upper lip 

Incisive muscles of lower lip 

Chin muscle 

Masseter muscle 

Temporal muscle 

External pterygoid muscle 

Intemal pterygoid muscle 

Aponeurotic helmiet (O. T. epicranial 

aponeurosis) 

Buccopharyngeal fascia 

Parotideomasseteric fascia 

Temporal fascia 

Muscles of the hyoid bone 

Digastric muscle 

Anterior belly 

Posterior belly 
Stylohyoid muscle 
Mylohyoid muscle 
Geniohyoid muscle 

Muscles of the neck 

Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla- 
tysma myoides) 



39 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



M. sternocleidomastoideus 
M. sternohyoideus 
M. omohyoideus 

Venter superior 

Venter inferior 
M. sternothvreoideus 
M. thyreohyoideus 
(M. levator glandulae thyreoideae) 

M. longus colli 
M. longus capitis 

M. rectus capitis anterior 

M. scalenus anterior 
M. scalenus medius 
M. scalenus posterior 
(M. scalenus minimus) 
Fascia colli 
Fascia praevertebralis 

Musculi Thoracis 

(M. stemalis) 

M. pectoralis major 

Pars clavicularis 

Pars sternocostalis 

Pars abdominalis 
M. pectoralis minor 
M. subclavius 
M. serratus anterior 

Mm. levatores costanim 

Mm. levatores costanim longi 
Mm. levatores costarum breves 

Mm. intercostales externi 

Mm. intercostales interni 

Mm. subcostales 

M. transversus thoracis 

Diaphragma 
Pars lumbalis 
Crus mediale 
Crus intermedium 



Crus laterale 

Pars costalis 

Pars sternalis 
Hiatus aorticus 
Hiatus oesophageus 
Centrum tendineum 
Foramen venae cavae 
Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri] 

Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri] 

Fascia pectoralis 
Fascia coracoclavicularis 

Musculi abdominis 

M. rectus abdominis 

Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis 

M. pyramidalis 

M. obliquus externus abdominis 

M. obliquus internus abdominis 

M. cremaster 

M. transversus abdominis 

M. quadratus lumborum 

Annulus unibilicalis 

Linea alba 

Adminiculum lineae albae 
Inscriptiones tendineae 
Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis 

Lig. fundiforme penis 
Vagina m. recti abdominis 
Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] 
Lig. inguinale [Pouparti] 
Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati] 
Lig. inguinale reflexům [Collesi] 

Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus 

Crus superius 
Crus inferius 
Fibrae intercrurales 



Myology, or Musculature 



39 



Sternocleidomastoid muscle 
Stemohyoid muscle 
Omohyoid muscle 

Superior belly 

Inferior belly 
Sternothyreoid muscle 
Thyreohyoid muscle 
Elevating muscle of the thyreoid 

gland 
Long muscle of the neck 
Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus 

capitis anticus major) 
Anterior straight muscle of the head 

(O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor) 
Anterior scalene muscle 
Middle scalene muscle 
Posterior scalene muscle 
Smallest scalene muscle 
Cervical fascia 
Prevertebral fascia 

Musdes of the chest 

Stemal muscle 
Greater pectoral muscle 

Clavicular part 

Stemocostal part 

Abdominal part 
Smaller pectoral muscle 
Subclavius muscle 
Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser- 

ratus magnus) 
Elevators of the ribs 

Long elevators of the ribs 

Short elevators of the ribs 
Extemal intercostal muscles 
Internal intercostal muscles 
Subcostal muscles 
Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T. 

triangularis stemi) 
Diaphragm 

Lumbar part 
Medial crus 
Intermediate crus 
5 



Lateral crus 

Costal part 

Stemal part 
Aortic opening 
Oesophageal opening 
Central tendon 
Opening of the véna cava 
Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 

mentum arcuatum internum) 
Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 

mentum arcuatum extemum) 
Pectoral fascia 
Coracoclavicular fascia 

Muscles of the abdomen 

Straight muscle of the abdomen 
Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con- 

joined tendon) 
Pyramidal muscle 

External oblique muscle of abdomen 
Internal oblique muscle of abdomen 
Cremasteric muscle 
Transverse muscle of abdomen 
Quadrate muscle of the loins 
Umbilical ring 
White line 

Stay of the white line 
Tendinous inscriptions 
Suspensory ligament of the penis or 

clitoris 
Sling-like ligament of penis 
Sheath of the rectus muscle 
Semicircular fold of Douglas 
Inguinal ligament of Poupart 
Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat 
Reflex ligament of Colles (O. T. tri- 

angular fascia of the abdomen) 
Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex- 
ternal abdominal ring) 

Sup)erior pillar 

Inferior pillar 
Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar 

fibres) 



40 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] 
Linea semilunaris [Spigelii] 
Fascia transversalis 

Canalis inguinalís 

Annulus inguinalís abdominalis 

Lig. interfoveolare [Hesselbachi] 

Plica epigastrica 
Fovea inguinalis lateralis 
Fovea inguinalis medialis 
Fovea supravesicalis 

Musculi coccygei 

M. coccygeus 

M. sacrococcygeus anterior 

M. sacrococcygeus posterior 

Musculi extremitatis superioris 

M. deltoideus 
M. supraspinatus 
M. infraspinatus 
M. teres minor 
M. teres major 
M. subscapularis 
M. biceps brachii 

Caput longum 

Vagina mucosa intertubercularis 

Caput breve 

Lacertus fibrosus 

M. coracobrachialis 
M. brachialis 

M. triceps brachii 

Caput longum 

Caput laterale 

Caput mediale 
M. anconaeus 
(M. epitrochleoanconaeus) 
M. pronator teres 



Caput humerale 

Caput ulnare 
M. flexor carpi radialis 
M. palmaris longus 
M. flexor carpi ulnaris 

Caput humerale 

Caput ulnare 
M. flexor digitorum sublimis 

Caput humerale 

Caput radiále 
M. flexor digitorum profundus 
M. flexor poUicis longus 
M. pronator quadratus 
M. brachioradialis 

M. extensor carpi radialis longus 
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis 
M. extensor digitorum communis 
Juncturae tendinum 

M. extensor digiti quinti proprius 

M. extensor carpi ulnaris 
M. supinator 

M. abductor poUicis longus 

M. extensor poUicis brevis 

M. extensor poUicis longus 

M. extensor indicis proprius 

M. palmaris brevis 

M. abductor poUicis brevis 

M. flexor poUicis brevis 
M. opponens poUicis 
M. adductor poUicis 
M. abductor digiti quinti 
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
M. opponens digiti quinti 
Mm. lumbricales 



Myology, or Musculature 



40 



Lumbar triangle of Petit 
Semilunar line of Spigelius 
Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse 

fascia) 
Inguinal canal 
Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in- 

ternal abdominal ring) 
Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel- 

bach's ligament) 
Epigastric fold 
Lateral inguinal fovea 
Medial inguinal fovea 
Supravesical fovea 

Coccygeal muscles 

Coccygeal muscle 

Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle 

Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle 

Muscles of the upper extremity 

Deltoid muscle 
Supraspinous muscle 
Infraspinous muscle 
Smaller round muscle 
Larger round muscle 
Subscapular muscle 
Biceps muscle of upper arm 

Long head 

Intertubercular mucous sheath 

Short head 

Fibrous lacertus ("muscle") (O. T. 
bicipital fascia) 
Coracobrachial muscle 
Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an- 

ticus) 
Triceps muscle of upper arm 

Long head 

Lateral head 

Medial head 
Elbow muscle 
Epitrochlear elbow muscle 
Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro- 
nator radii teres) 



Humeral head 

Ulnar head (O. T. coroHoid head) 
Radiál flexor muscle of wrist 
Long palmár muscle 
Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist 

Humeral head 

Ulnar head 
Superficial flexor muscle of fingers 

Humeral head 

Radiál head 
Deep flexor muscles of fingers 
Long flexor muscle of thumb 
Quadrate pronator muscle 
Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator 

longus) 
Long radiál extensor muscle of carpus 
Short radiál extensor muscle of carpus 
Common extensor muscle of fingers 

Junctions of the tendons; aponeu- 
rotic bridges 
Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger 

(O. T. extensor minimi digiti) 
Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist 
Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator 

brevis) 
Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis) 
Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor primi internodii pollicis) 
Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor secundi internodii pollicis) 
Prof)er extensor muscle of index-finger 

(O. T. extensor indicis) 
Short palmár muscle 
Short abductor muscle of thumb (O. 

T. abductor pollicis) 
Short flexor muscle of thumb 
Opposing muscle of thumb 
Adductor muscle of thumb 
Abductor muscle of fifth finger 
Short flexor muscle of fifth finger 
Opposing muscle of fifth finger 
Lumbrical muscles 



41 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei volares 
Fascia axillaris 
Fascia subscapularis 
Fascia supraspinata 
Fascia infraspinata 
Fascia brachii 
Septum intermusculare 
mediale 

Septum intermusculare 
laterale 



M. gemellus superior 
M. gemellus inferior 
M. quadratus femorís 
M. sartorius 
M. quadriceps femoris 

M. rectus femoris 
[humeri] M. vastus lateralis 



[humen] 



M. vastus intermedius 



M. vastus medialis 



Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
Fascia antibrachii 
Fascia dorsalis manus 
Lig. carpi dorsale 

Aponeurosis palmaris 
Fasciculi trans versi 



M. articularis genu 

M. pectineus 

M. adductor longus 

M. gracilis 

M. adductor brevis 

M. adductor magnus 

M. adductor minimus 



Lig. carpi transversum 

Lig. carpi volare 

Chiasma tendinum 

Vinculum tendinum 

Vaginae mucosae 

Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus 

Ligg. annularia digitorum manus 

Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus 

Musculi extremítatís inferioris 

M. iliopsoas 

M. iliacus 

M. psoas major 

M. psoas minor 

M. glutaeus maximus 

M. glutaeus medius 

M. glutaeus minimus 

M. tensor fasciae latae 

M. piriformis 

M. obturator intemus 



M. obturator extemus 
M. biceps femoris 

Caput longum 

Caput breve 
M. semitendinosus 
M. semimembranosus 
M. tibialis anterior 

M. extensor digitorum longus 

M. peronaeus tertius 

M. extensor hallucis longus 

M. peronaeus longus 

M. peronaeus brevis 

M. triceps surae 

M. gastrocnemius 
Caput laterale 
Caput mediale 

M. soleus 
Arcus tendineus m. solei 
Tendo calcaneus [Achillis] 



Myology, or Musculature 



41 



Dorsal interosseous muscles 

Palmár interosseous muscles 

Axillary fascia 

Subscapular fascia 

Supraspinous fascia 

Infraspinous fascia 

Brachial fascia 

Medial intermuscular septum of arm 
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Lateral intermuscular septum of arm 
(O. T. external intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Medial bicipital furrow 

Lateral bicipital furrow 

Antibrachial fascia 

Fascia of back of hand 

Dorsal ligament of wrist (O. T. pos- 
terior annular ligament) 

Palmár aponeurosis 

Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse 
superficial ligament) 

Transverse carpal ligament (O. T. 
anterior annular ligament) 

Palmár carpal ligament 

Crossing of the tendons 

Bands of union of the tendons 

Mucous sheaths 

Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers 

Annular ligaments of the fingers 

Cruciate ligaments of the fingers 

Muscles of the lower extremity 

Iliopsoas muscle 
Iliac muscle 
Greater psoas muscle 
Lesser psoas muscle 
Greatest gluteal muscle 
Middle gluteal muscle 
Least gluteal muscle 
Tensor muscle of broad fascia 
Piriform muscle 
Internal obturator muscle 



Superior twin muscle 
Inferior twin muscle 
Quadrate muscle of thigh 
Sartorius ("tailor") muscle 
Quadriceps (" four-headed") muscle of 
thigh 

Straight muscle of thigh 

Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus 
extemus) 

Intermediate great muscle (O. T. 
crureus) 

Medial great muscle (O. T. vastus 
intemus) 
Articular muscle of knee (O. T. sub- 

crureus) 
Pectineus muscle 
Long adductor muscle 
Slender muscle 
Short adductor muscle 
Great adductor muscle 
Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper 

portion of adductor magnus) 
External obturator muscle 
Biceps ("two-headed") muscle of thigh 

Long head 

Short head 
Semitendinosus muscle 
Semimembranosus muscle 
Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis 

anticus) 
Long extensor of digits 
Third peroneal muscle 
Long extensor of great toe 
Long peroneal muscle 
Short peroneal muscle 
Triceps muscle of calf 

Gastrocnemius muscle 
Lateral head 
Medial head 

Soleus muscle 
Tendinous arch of soleus muscle 
Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T. 

tendo Achillis) 



42 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



M. plantaris 
M. popliteus 
M. tibialis posterior 

M. flexor digitonim longus 
M. flexor hallucis longus 
M. extensor hallucis brevis 
M. extensor digitorum brevis 
M. abductor hallucis 
M. flexor hallucis brevis 
M. adductor hallucis 

Caput obliquum 

Caput transversum 
M. abductor digiti quinti 
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
M. opponens digiti quinti 
M. flexor digitorum brevis 
M. quadratus plantae 
Mm. lumbricales 
Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei plantares 
Fascia lata 

Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati] 
Septum intermusculare [femoris] 

laterale 



Fossa iliopectinea 
Fascia pectinea 

Canalis femoralis 
Annulus femoralis 
Septum femorale [Cloqueti] 
Fossa ovalis 

Margo falciformis 
Cornu superius 
Cornu inferius 
Fascia cribrosa 
Fascia cniris 

Septum intermusculare 
[fibulare] 



anterius 



Septum intermusculare posterius 
[fibulare] 

Lig. transversum cruris 



Lig. laciniatum 
Lig. cruciatum cruris 



Septum intermusculare [femoris] 
mediale 

Canalis adductorius [Hunteri] 

Hiatus tendineus [adductorius] 
Fascia iliaca 
Fascia iliopectinea 
Lacuna musculorum 
Lacuna vasorum 

Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae 
major] 



Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup. 

Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in- 
ferius 

Fascia dorsalis pedis 

Aponeurosis plantaris 
Fasciculi transversi aponeurosis 
plantaris 

Vaginae mucosae 

Ligg. annularia 

Ligg. vaginalia 

Ligg. cruciata 



Myology, or Musculature 



42 



Plantaris muscle 

Popliteus muscle 

Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis 
posticus) 

Long flexor of the digits 

Long flexor of the great toe 

Short extensor of the great toe 

Short extensor of the digits 

Abductor of the great toe 

Short flexor of the great toe 

Adductor of the great toe 
Oblique head 
Transverse head 

Abductor of the fifth toe 

Short flexor muscle of fifth toe 

Opposing muscle of fifth toe 

Short flexor muscle of the toes 

Quadrate muscle of the sole 

Lumbrical muscles 

Dorsal interosseous muscles 

Plantar interosseous muscles 

Broad fascia 

Iliotibial band 

Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh 
(O. T. external intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Medial intermuscular septum of thigh 
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Adductor canal of Hunter (O. T. Hun- 
ter's canal) 

Tendinous adductor gap 

Iliac fascia 

Iliopectineal fascia 

Muscle gap 

Vessel gap 

Femoral triangle (greater fossa of 
Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa's triangle) 



Iliopectineal fossa 

Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion 
of fascia lata) 

Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal) 
Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring) 
Femoral septum of Cloquet 
Oval fossa 
Falciform margin 
Sup)erior horn 
Inferior horn 
Cribriform fascia 

Fascia of the leg 

Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep- 
tum) 

Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep- 
tum) 

Transverse ligament of the leg (O. T. 
upper or broad part of anterior an- 
nular ligament) 

Fringed ligament (O. T. internal annu- 
lar ligament) 

Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T. 
lower part of anterior annular liga- 
ment of leg) 

Upper retaining band of peroneal 
muscles 

Lower retaining band of peroneal 
muscles 

Dorsal fascia of the foot 

Plantar aponeurosis 
Transverse bundles of plantar apo- 
neurosis 

Mucous sheaths 

Annular ligaments 

Sheath ligaments 

Cruciate ligaments 



43 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Bursae et Va^ínae mucosae 



Bursa mucosa subcutanea 
Bursa mucosa submuscularis 
Bursa mucosa subfascialis 



Bursa mucosa subtendinea 
Vagina mucosa tendinis 



B. musculi trochlearis 

B. m. tensoris veli palatini 

B. subcutanea praementalis 

B. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae 

B. m. stemohyoídei 

B. m. thyreohyoidei 

B. subcutanea sacralis 

B. coccygea 

B. subcutanea acromialis 

B. subacromialis 

B. subdeltoidea 

B. m. coracobrachialis 

B. m. infraspinati 

B. m. subscapularis 

B. m. teretis majoris 

B. m. latissimi dorsi 

B. subcutanea olecraní 

B. intratendinea olecrani 

B. subtendinea olecrani 

B. subcutanea epicondyli [humeri] 

lateralis 
B. subcutanea epicondyli piumeri] 

medialis 
B. bicipitoradialis 
B. cubitalis interossea 
Vagina tendinum mm. abductoris 

longi et extensoris brevis poUicis 

Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum 

carpi radialium 
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris poUicis 

longi 
Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi- 

torum communis et extensoris indicis 



Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti 

minimi 
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi 

ulnaris 
B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis 

Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan- 

geae dorsales 
Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales 

B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris 

B. m. flexoris carpi radialis 

Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com- 

munium 
Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi 

Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae 

Vaginae tendinum digitales 

B. trochanterica subcutanea 

B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior 

B. troch. m. glutaei minimi 

B. m. piriformis 

B. m. obturatorii interní 

Bursae glutaeofemorales 



Myology, or Musculature 



43 



Bursae and mucous sheaths 



Subcutaneous mucous bursa 
Submuscular mucous bursa 
Subfascial mucous bursa 



Subtendinous mucous bursa 
Mucous sheath of tendon 



Bursa of the trochlear muscle 
Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palatě 
Subcutaneous premental bursa 
Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence 

of the larynx 
Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle 
Bursa of the th)nreohyoid muscle 
Subcutaneous sacral bursa 
Coccygeal bursa 
Subcutaneous acromial bursa 
Subacromial bursa 
Subdeltoid bursa 

Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle 
Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle 
Biursa of the subscapular muscle 
Biursa of the greater round muscle 
Bursa of the broadest muscle of back 
Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon 
Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon 
Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon 
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi- 

condyle of humerus 
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi- 

condyle of humerus 
Bicipitoradial bursa 
Interosseous bursa of the elbow 
Sheath of the tendons of the long ab- 

ductor and short extensor muscles of 

the thumb 
Sheath of the tendons of the radiál 

extensor muscles of the wrist 
Sheath of the tendon of the long ex- 
tensor muscle of the thumb 
Sheath of the tendons of the common 

extensor muscle of the Higits and 



of the extensor muscle of the index 

finger 
Sheath of the tendon of the extensor 

muscle of the little finger 
Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex- 
tensor muscle of the wrist 
Bursa of the short radiál extensor 

muscle of the wrist 
Dorsal subcutaneous metacarpopha- 

langeal bursa 
Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the 

digits 
Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the 

wrist 
Bursa of the radiál flexor muscle of the 

wrist 
Sheath of the tendons of the common 

flexor muscles 
Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor 

muscle of the thumb 
Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae 
Digital sheaths of the tendons 
Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa 
Trochanteric bursa of the great glu- 

teal muscle 
Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid- 

dle gluteal muscle 
Posterior trochanteric bursa of the 

middle gluteal muscle 
Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu- 
teal muscle 
Bursa of the piriform muscle 
Bursa of the internal obturator muscle 
Glutaeofemoral bursae 



44 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



B. ischiadica m. glutaei maximí 

B. m. recti femoris 

B. iliopectinea 

B. iliaca subtendinea 

B. m. pectinei 

B. m. bicipitis femoris superior 

B. praepatellaris subcutanea 

B. praepatellaris subfascialis 

B. praepatellaris subtendinea 

B. suprapatellaris 

B. infrapatellaris subcutanea 

B. infrapatellaris profunda 

B. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae 

B. m. sartorii propria 

B. anserina 

B. m. bicipitis femoris inferior 

B. m. poplitei 

B. bicipitogastrocnemialis 

B. m. gastrocnemii lateralis 

B. m. gastrocnemii medialis 

B. m. semimembranosi 

B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis 



Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris 

Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis 

longi 
Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi- 

torum pedis longi 

Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi- 
torum pedis longi 

Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris 

Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Vag. tendinum mm. peronaeorum 

communis 
Bursa sinus tarsi 
B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris 

B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris 

B. subcutanea calcanea 

B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis] 

Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan- 

taris 
Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae 
Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis 



B. subcutanea malleoli medialis 



Vaginae tendinum digitales piedis 



Myology, or Musculatttre 



44 



Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal 

muscle 
Bursa of the straight thigh muscle 
Iliopectineal bursa 
Subtendinous iliac bursa 
Bursa of the pectineus muscle 
Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of 

the thigh 
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa 
Subfascial prepatellar bursa 
Subtendinous prepatellar bursa 
Suprapatellar bursa 
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa 
Deep infrapatellar bursa 
Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity 

of the tibia 
Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle 
Anserine bursa 
Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of 

the thigh 
Bursa of the popliteus muscle 
Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa 
Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius 

muscle 
Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius 

muscle 
Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle 
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal- 

leolus 
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial 

malleolus 



Sheath of the tendon of the anterior 

tibial muscle 
Sheath of the tendon of the long exten- 

sor muscle of the great toe 
Sheaths of the tendons of the long 

extensor muscle of the digits of the 

foot 
Sheaths of the tendons of the long 

flexor muscle of the digits of the 

foot 
Sheath of the tendon of the posterior 

tibial muscle 
Sheath of the tendon of the long 

flexor muscle of the great toe 
Common sheath of the tendons of the 

peroneal muscles 
Bursa of the hoUow of the ankle 
Subtendinous bursa of the anterior 

tibial muscle 
Subtendinous bursa of the posterior 

tibial muscle 
Subcutaneous calcanean bursa 
Bursa of the calcanean tendon of 

Achilles 
Sheath of the plantar tendon of the 

long peroneal muscle 
Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae 
Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of 

the foot 
Digital sheaths of the tendons of the 

foot 



45 



Anaioiucal Nomenclaxcke 



Splanchnolo^ia 



Tunica albuginea 
Tunica fibrosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica mucosa 

Lamina propria mucosae 

Lamina muscularis mucosae 

Těla submucosa 

Plica mucosa 

Mucus 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica serosa 

Těla subserosa 

Plica serosa 



Ligamentum serosum 

Sérum 
Epithelium 
Endothelium 
Organon parench)rmatosum 

Parenchyma 

Stroma 
Glandula 
Lobus 
Lobulus 

Glandula mucosa 
Musculus viscenim 



Apparatus digestorius 



Cavum oris 

Bucca 

Corpus adiposum buccae 

Vestibulum oris 

Cavum oris proprium 

Rima oris 

Labia oris 

Labium superius 

Labium inferius 
Commissura labiorum 
Angulus oris 
Palatum 

Palatum durum 

Palatum moUe 
Raphe palati 

Ttinica mucosa oris 

Frenulum labii superioris 



Frenulum labii inferioris 

Gingiva 

Caruncula sublingualis 

Plica sublingualis 

Plicae palatinae transversae 

Papilla incisiva 

Glandulae oris 

Gl. labiales 

Gl. buccales 

Gl. molares 

Gl. palatinae 

Gl. linguales 

Gl. lingualis anterior pBlandini, Nuhni] 

Gl. sublingualis 

Ductus sublingualis major 

Ductus sublinguales minores 



Splanchnology 



45 



Splanchnolo^y 



Albugíneous coat 
Fibrous coat 

Adventitious (extemal) coat 
Mucous coat 

Proper layer of the mucosa 

Muscular layer of the mucosa 

Submucous web 

Mucous fold 

Mucus 
Muscular coat 
Serous coat 

Subserous web 

Serous fold 



Serous ligament 

Sérum 
Epithelium 
Endothelium 
Parench)miatous organ 

Parench)nna 

Stroma 
Gland 
Lobe 

Little lobe 
Mucous gland 
Muscle of the viscera 



Digestive apparatus 



Mouth cavity 

Cheek 

Fat body of cheek 

Entrance to mouth 

Mouth cavity proper 

Mouth-slit 

Lips of mouth 

Upper lip 

Lower lip 
Junction of lips 
Angle of mouth 
Palatě 

Hard palatě 

Soft palatě 
Middle ridge of palatě 

Mucous membráně of mouth 

Check-cord of upper lip 



Check-cord of lower lip 

Gum 

Sublingual caruncle 

Sublingual fold 

Transverse palatine folds 

Incisor papilla 

Glands of mouth 

Labial glands 

Buccal glands 

Molar glands 

Palatine glands 

Lingual glands 

Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland 

of Nuhn) 
Sublingual gland 
Larger sublingual duet 
Smaller sublingual ducts 



46 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Gl. submaxillaris 

Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni] 

Gl. parotis 

Processus retromandibularis 
Gl. parotis accessoría 

Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] 
Saliva 

Dentes 

Corona dentis 
Tubercula [coronae] dentis 

CoUum dentis 

Radix [Radices] dentis 

Apex radicis dentis 

Facies masticatoria 

Facies labialis [buccalis] 

Facies lingualis 

Facies contactus 
Facies medialis) dentium incisivo- 
Facies lateralisJ rum et caninorum 
Facies anterior ) dentium praemola 
Facies pos tenor J ríum et molarium 

Cavum dentis 

Pulpa dentis 

Papula dentis 

Canalis radicis dentis 

Foramen apicis dentis 

Substantia eburnea 

Substantia adamantina 

Substantia ossea 

Canaliculi dentales 

Spatia interglobularia 

Prismata adamantina 

Cuticula dentis 

Periosteum alveolare 

Arcus dentalis superior 

Arcus dentalis inferior 

Dentes incisivi 

Dentes canini 

Dentes praemolares 

Dentes molares 



Dens serotinus 
Dentes permanentes 
Dentes decidui 

Lingiia 

Dorsum linguae 
Radix linguae 
Corpus linguae 
Facies inferior [linguae] 

Plica fimbriata 
Margo lateralis [linguae] 
Apex linguae 
Tunica mucosa linguae 
Frenulum linguae 
Papillae linguales 
Papillae filiformes 
Papillae conicae 
Papillae fungiformes 
Papillae lenticulares 
Papillae vallatae 

Papillae foliatae 

Sukus medianus linguae 

Sukus terminalis 

Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii) 

(Ductus lingualis) 

Ductus thyreoglosstis 

Tonsilla lingualis 

FoUiculi linguales 
Septum linguae 
Musculi linguae 

M. genioglossus 

M. hyoglossus 

M. chondroglossus 

M. styloglossus 

M. longitudinalís superior 

M. longitudinalis inferior 

M. transversus linguae 
M. verticalis linguae 

Fauces 

Isthmus faucium 



Splanchnology 



46 



Submaxillary gland 

Submaxillary duet (O. T. Whartoďs 

duet) 
Parotid gland 

Retromandibular proeess 
Aeeessory parotid (O. T. soeia paro- 

tidis) 
Parotid duet (O. T. Steno's duet) 
Mixed mouth seeretions 

Teeth 

Crown of tooth. 

Tubereles of erown of tooth 
Neck of tooth 
Root of tooth 
Apex of root of tooth 
Chewing-surfaee 
Labial surfaee 
Lingual surfaee 
Contaet surfaee 
Medial surfaee \ of ineisor 
Lateral surfaee 3 and eanine teeth 
Anterior surfaee \ of premolars 
Posterior surfaee 3 and molars 
Tooth eavity 

Tooth pulp 

Papula of tooth 

Root eanal of tooth 

Foramen of apex of tooth 

Dentine 

Enamel 

Cement 

Smaller dental canals 

Granular layer 

Enamel prisms 

Cutiele of tooth 

Alveolar periosteum 

Superior dental arch 

Inferior dental areh 

Ineisor teeth 

Canine teeth 

Premolar teeth (O. T. bieuspids) 

Molar teeth 



Latě tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth) 
Permanent teeth 
Deeiduous teeth 

Tongue 

Dorsum of tongue 
Root of tongue 
Body of tongue 
Inferior surfaee 

Fimbriated fold 
Lateral margin 
Tip of the tongue 
Mueous membráně of tongue 
Frenulum(eheek-rein) of tongue 
Lingual papillae 
Filiform papillae 
Conieal papillae 
Fungiform papillae 
Lentieular papillae 
Vallate papillae (O. T. eireumvallate 

papillae) 
Foliate papillae 
Medián suleus of tongue 
Terminál suleus 
Blind foramen of tongue 
Lingual duet 
Thyreoglossal duet 
Lingual tonsil 

Lingual foUiculi 
Septum of tongue 
Museles of tongue 

Genioglossus musele 

Hyoglossus musele 

Chrondroglossus musele 

Styologlossus musele 

Superior longitudinal musele (O. T. 
superfieial lingual) 

Inferior longitudinal musele (O. T. 
inferior lingual) 

Transverse musele of tongue 

Vertieal musele of tongue 

Fauces, or throat 

Isthmus bf f auees 



47 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Velům palatinum 
Uvula [palatina] 
Arcus palatini 
Arcus glossopalatinus 

Arcus pharyngopalatinus 

Plica salpingopalatina 
Tonsilla palatina 

Fossulae tonsillares 
Sinus tonsillaris 
Plica triangularis 
Fossa supratonsillaris 

Musculi palati et faucium 
M. levator veli palatini 

M. tensor veli palatini 

M. uvulae 

M. glossopalatinus 

M. pharyngopalatinus 



Pharynx 

Cavum pharyngis 

Fornix pharyngis 

Pars nasalis 

Pars oralis 

Pars laryngea 

Ostium pharyngeum tubae 

Labium anterius 

Labium posterius 

Torus tubarius 
Plica salpingopharyngea 
Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri] 

(Bursa pharyngea) 
Recessus piriformis 
M. stylopharyngeus 
Fascia pharyngobasilaris 
Tunica mucosa 



Gl. pharyngeae 
Tonsilla pharyngea 
Fossulae tonsillares 
Těla submucosa 

Tunica muscularis pharyngis 

Raphe pharyngis 

Raphe pterygomandibularis 

M. constrictor pharyngis superior 

M. pterygopharyngeus 

M. buccopharyngeus 

M. mylopharyngeus 

M. glossopharyngeus 
M. salpingopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis medius 

M. chondropharyngeus 

M. ceratopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis inferior 

M. thyreopharyngeus 

M. cricopharyngeus 

Tubus digestorius 

Oesophagus 

Pars cervicalis 
Pars thoracalis 
Pars abdominalis 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
M. bronchooesophageus 
M. pleurooesophageus 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Gl. oesophageae 

Ventriculus 

[Gaster] 

Paries anterior 

Paries posterior 

Curvatura ventriculi major 

Curvatura ventriculi minor 

Cardia 

Fundus ventriculi 



Splanchnology 



47 



Palatine curtain 
Uvula 
Palatine arches 

Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior 
pillar of fauces) 

Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos- 
terior pillar of fauces) 
Tubopalatine fold 
Palatine tonsil 

Tonsillar cr3rpts 
Tonsillar sinus 
Triangular fold 
Supratonsillar fossa 

Muscles of palatě and fauces 

Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O. 

T. levator palati) 
Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O. 

T. tensor palati) 
Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos uvulae) 
Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato- 

glossus) 
Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal- 

atopharyngeus) 

Pharynx 

Cavity of pharynx 

Vault of pharynx 

Nasál part (O. T. nasopharynx) 

Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx) 

Laryngeal part (O.T. laryngopharynx) 

Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube 

Anterior lip 

Posterior lip 

Tubal projection 
Salpingopharyngeal fold 
Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O 

T. recessus infundibuliformis) 
Pharyngeal bursa 

Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis) 
Stylopharyngeus muscle 
Pharyngobasilar fascia 
Mucous membráně 
6 



Pharyngeal glands 

Pharyngeal tonsil 

Tonsillar crypts 
Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal 

aponeurosis) 
Muscular coat of pharynx 
Raphe of pharynx 
Pterygomandibular raphe 
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx 

Pterygopharyngeal muscle 

Buccopharyngeal muscle 

Mylopharyngeal muscle 

Glossopharyngeal muscle 
Salpingopharyngeal muscle 
Middle constrictor muscle of phar3nix 

Chrondropharyngeal muscle 

Ceratopharyngeal muscle 
Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx 

Thyreopharyngeal muscle 

Cricopharyngeal muscle 

Dígestíve tube 

Oesophagus 

Cervical part 
Thoracic part 
Abdominal part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Broncho-oesophageal muscle 
Pleuro-oesophageal muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous membráně 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Oesophageal glands 

Stomach 

Anterior wall 

Posterior wall 

Greater curvature of stomach 

Lesser curvature of stomach 

Cardia 

Fundus of stomach 



48 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus ventriculi 
Pylorus 
Pars cardiaca 
Pars pylorica 
(Antrum cardiacum) 
Antxum pyloricum 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratům longitudinale 

Ligg. pylori 

Stratům circulare 

M. sphincter pylori 

Fibrae obliquae 
Valvula pylori 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Areae gastricae 
Plicae villosae 
Foveolae gastricae 
Glandulae gastricae [propriae] 
Glandulae pyloricae 
Noduli lymphatici gastrici 
Succus gastricus 

Intestinum tenue 

Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratům longitudinale 

Stratům circulare 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Plicae circulares [Kerkringi] 

Villi intestinales 

GL intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 

Noduli lymphatici solitarii 

Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri] 

Chymus 
Chylus 



Succus entericus 
Duodenum 
Pars superior 
Pars descendens 
Pars inferior 

Pars horizontál is [inferior] 

Pars ascendens 

« 

Flexura duodeni superior 
Flexura duodeni inferior 
Flexiura duodenojejunalis 
M. suspensorius duodeni 

Plica longitudinalis duodeni 
Papilla duodeni [Santorini] 
Gl. duodenales [Brunneri] 
Intestinum tenue mesen- 

t e r i a le 
Intestimun jejunum 
Intestinum ileum 

Intestinum crassum 

Intestinum caecum 
Valvula coli 

Labium superius 
Labium inferius 
Frenula valvulae coli 
Processus vermiformis 

(Valvula processus vermiformis) 
Noduli aggregati processus vermifor- 
mis 
C o lo n 
Colon ascendens 
Flexura coli dextra 
Colon transversum 
Flexura coli sinistra 
Colon descendens 
Colon sigmoideum 
Plicae semilunares coli 
Haustra coli 
Tunica serosa 
Appendices epiploicae 



Splanchnology 



48 



Body of stomach 
Pylorus 
Cardiac part 
Pyloric part 
Cardiac antrum 
Pyloric antniin 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Pyloric ligaments 

Circular layer 

Sphincter muscle of pylorus 

Oblique fibres 
Pyloric valve 
Submucous layer 
Mucous membráně 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Gastric areas 
Folds of vilK 
Gastric pits 
Gastric glands proper 
Pyloric glands 
Gastric lymph-nodules 
Gastric juice 

Small or thin intestine 

Serous coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Circular layer 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con- 

niventes) 
Intestinal villi 
Intestinal glands (O. T. cr3^ts of 

Lieberkuehn) 
Solitary lymph-nodules 
Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer 

(O. T. Peyeťs patches) 
Chyme 
Chyle 



Intestinal juice 
Duodenum 
Superior part 
Descending part 
Inferior part 

Horizontál part 

Ascending part 
Superior duodenal flexure 
Inferior duodenal flexure 
Duodenojejunal flexure 
Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O. 

T. muscle of Treitz) 
Longitudinal fold of duodenum 
Duodenal papilla 
Duodenal glands of Brunner 
Mesenterial small intestine 

Empty intestine (O. T-. jejunum) 
Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum) 

Large or thick intestine 

Blind intestine 
Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal 
valve) 

Superior lip 

Inferior lip 

Frenula of valve of colon 
Vermiform proces s, or ap- 

pendix 
Valve of the vermiform process 

* 

Aggregated nodules of the vermiform 

process 
Colon, or great gut 
Ascending colon 
Right colic flexure 
Transverse colon 
Left colic flexure 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon 
Semilunar folds of colon 
Sacculations of colon 
Serous coat 
Epiploic (fatty) appendages 



49 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tunica muscularis 
Taeniae coli 

Taenia mesocolica 

Taenia omentalis 

Taenia libera 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici solitarii 

Intestinum rectum 

Flexura sacralis 
Flexura perinealis 
Ampulla recti 
Tunica muscularis 
M. sphincter ani intemus 
M. rectococcygeus 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. m. mucosae 

Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici 
Plicae transversales recti 

Pars analis recti 
Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] 
Sinus rectales 
Annulus haemorrhoidalis 

Pancreas 

Caput pancreatis 

Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins- 

lowi] 
Incisura pancreatis 
Corpus pancreatis 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Facies inferior 

Margo superior 

Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 
Tuber omentale 



Cauda pancreatis 

Ductus pancreaticus [WirsungiJ 

Ductus pancreaticus accessorius 

[Santorini] 
(Pancreas accessorium) 
Succus pancreaticus 

Hepar 

Facies superior 
Facies posterior 
Facies inferior 
Margo anterior 
Incisura umbilicalis 
Fossae sagittales dextrae 

Fossa vesicae felleae 

Fossa venae cavae 
Fossa sagittalis sinistra 

Fossa venae umbilicalis 

Fossa ductus venosi 
Tunica serosa 
Lig. teres hepatis 
Lig. venosum [Arantii] 
Porta hepatis 
Lobus hepatis dexter 
Lobus quadratus 
Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] 

Processus papillaris 

Processus caudatus 
Lobus hepatis sinister 
(Appendix fibrosus hepatis) 
Impressio cardiaca 
Tuber omentale 
Impressio oesophagea 
Impressio gastrica 
Impressio duodenalis 
Impressio colica 
Impressio renalis 
Impressio suprarenalis 
Lobuli hepatis 
Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni] 
Rami arteriosi interlobulares 
Venae interlobulares 
Venae centrales 



Splanchnology 



49 



Muscular coat 
Bands of the colon 

Mesocolic band 

Omental band 

Free band 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 
Solitary lymph-nodules 

Rectum, or straight gut 

Sacral flexure 

Perineal flexure 

AmpuUa of rectum 

Muscular layer 

Internal sphincter muscie of anus 

Rectococcygeus muscie 

Submucous coat 

Mucous membráně 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 

Xrymphatic nodules 

Transverse folds of rectum (O. T. 
valves of Houston) 

Anal part of rectum 

Rectal columns of Morgagni 

Rectal sinuses 

Hemorrhoidal ring 

Pancreas 

Head of pancreas 
Uncinate process 

Notch of pancreas 
Body of pancreas 

Anterior surf ace 

Posterior surface 

Inferior surface 

Superior margin 

Anterior margin 

Posterior margin 
Omental tuber 



Tail of pancreas 
Pancreatic duet of Wirsung 
Accessory pancreatic duet of Santorini 

Accessory pancreas 
Pancreatic juice 

Liver 

Superior surface 
Posterior surface 
Inferior surface 
Anterior margin 
Umbilical notch 
Right sagittal f ossae 

Fossa for gall-bladder 

Fossa for véna cava 
Left sagittal fossa 

Fossa for umbilical vein 

Fossa for venous duet 
Serous coat 

Round ligament of liver 
Venous ligament of Arantius 
Porta, or dooř of liver 
Right lobe of liver 
Quadrate lobe 
Caudate lobe of Spigelius 

Papillary process 

Caudate process 
Left lobe of liver 
Fibrous appendix of liver 
Cardiac impression 
Omental tuber 
Oesophageal impression 
Gastric impression 
Duodenal impression 
Colic impression 
Renal impression 
Suprarenal impression 
Lobules of liver 
Fibrous capsule of Glisson 
Interlobular arteries 
Interlobular veins 
Central veins 



4 « « « 



« « « j 
* • # •« 



^ J •< « 



So 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ductus biliferi 

Ductus interlobulares 

Ductus hepaticus 

Vasa aberrantia hepatis 

Fel [Bilis] 

Vesica fellea 

Fundus vesicae felleae 

Corpus vesicae felleae 

CoUum vesicae felleae 

Ductus cysticus 

Tunica serosa vesicae felleae 

Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae 

Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae 

Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae 
Valvula spiralis [Heisteri] 
Ductus choledochus 
GI. mucosae biliosae 



Lien 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Facies renalis 

Facies gastrica 

Extremitas superior 

Extremitas inferior 

Margo posterior 

Margo anterior 

Hilus lienis 

Tunica serosa 

Tunica albuginea 

Trabeculae lienis 

Pulpa lienis 

Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] 

Penicilli 
Noduli lyinphatici lienales [Malpighii] 

(Lien accessorius) 



Apparatus respiratorius 



Cavum naší 

Nares 
Choanae 
Septum naši 

Septum cartilagineum 

Septum membranaceum 
Vestibulum naši 
Limen naši 
Sukus olfactorius 
(Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini]) 

Concha nasalis superior 



Meatus naši 
Meatus naši superior 
Meatus naši medius 

Atrium meatus medii 
Meatus naši inferior 
Meatus naši communis 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 

Regio respiratoria 

Regio olfactoria 

Gl. olfactoriae 

Sinus paranasales 

Sinus maxillaris [Highmori] 



Concha nasalis media 

Concha nasalis inferior 

Membrána mucosa naši 
Plexus cavernosi concharum 
Agger naši 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 



Sinus sphenoidalis 

Sinus frontalis 
Cellulae ethmoidales 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 

Hiatus semilunaris 
Gl. nasales 






Splanchnology 



So 



Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi) 

Interlobular ducts 

Hepatic duet 

Aberrant vessels of liver 

Bile 

Gall bladder 

Fundus of gall bladder 

Body of gall bladder 

Neck of gall bladder 

Cystic duet 

Serous eoat of gall bladder 

Museular eoat of gall bladder 

Mueous eoat of gall bladder 

Folds of mueous eoat of gall bladder 
Spirál valve of Heister 
Common bile duet 
Glands of biliáry mueosa 



Spleen 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Renal surfaee 

Gastrie surfaee 

Superior extremity 

Inferior extremity 

Posterior margin 

Anterior margin 

Hilus of the spleen 

Serous eoat 

Albugineous eoat 

Trabeeulae (" eords") of spleen 

Spleen pulp 

Splenie rami of splenie artery 

Arterial tufts 
Splenie lymph-noďules (O. T. Mal- 

pighian eorpuseles) 
Aeeessory spleen 



Respiratory systém 



Nasál cavity 

Anterior apertures 
Posterior apertures 
Nasál septum 

Cartilaginous septum 

Membranous septum 
Vestibule of nose 
Threshold of nose 
Olfaetory suleus 
Highest nasál eoneha (O. T. upper- 

most turbinated bone) 
Superior nasál eoneha (O. T. superior 

turbinated bone) 
Middle nasál eoneha (O. T. middle 

turbinated bone) 
Inferior nasál eoneha (O. T. inferior 

turbinated bone) 
Mueous membráně of nose 
Cavemous layer of eonehae 
Agger (" elevation") of nose 
Spheno-ethmoidal reeess 



Meatuses of the nose 

Superior meatus 

Middle meatus 

" Entranee-hall" of middle meatus 

Inferior meatus 

Common meatus 

Nasopharyngeal meatus 
Respiratory region 
Olfaetory region 
Olfaetory glands 
Sinuses near nose 

Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 
Highmore) 

Sphenoidal sinus 

Frontal sinus 
Ethmoidal eells 
Ethmoidal bulla (" bubble") 
Ethmoidal infundibulum (" funnel") 

Semilunar opening 
Nasál glands 



SI 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nasuš externus 

Basis naši 

Radix naši 

Dorsum naši 

Margo naši 

Apex naši 

Ala naši 

Septum mobile naši 

Cartilagines naši 

Cartilago septi naši 

Processus sphenoidalis septi car- 
tilaginei 
Cartilago naši lateralis 
Cartilago alaris major 

Crus mediale 

Crus laterale 
Cartilagines alares minores 
Cartilagines sesamoideae naši 
Organon vomeronasale [Jacobsoni] 
Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni] 
(Ductus incisivus) 

Larynx 

Prominentia laryngea 

Cartilagines laryngis 

Cartilago thyreoidea 
Lamina [dextra et sinistra] 
Incisura thyreoidea superior 
Incisura thyreoidea inferior 
Tuberculum thyreoideum superius 
Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius 
(Linea obliqua) 
Cornu superius 
Cornu inferius 
(Foramen thyreoideum) 

Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale 

Cartilago triticea 

Lig. hyothyreoideum medium 

Membrána hyothyreoidea 

Cartilago cricoidea 
Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae] 



Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae] 
Facies articularis arytaenoidea 
Facies articularis thyreoidea 
Articulatio cricothyreoidea 
Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia 
Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora 
Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium] 



Lig. cricotracheale 
Cartilago arytaenoidea 

Facies articularis 

Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 

Crista arcuata 

CoUiculus 

Fovea oblonga 

Fovea triangularis 

Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 

Processus vocalis 

Processus muscularis 
Cartilago corniculata [Santorini] 

Synchondrosis arycomiculata 
Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricopharyngeum 
Lig. corniculopharyngeum 

Lig. ventriculare 

Lig. vocale 

(Cartilago sesamoidea) 
Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius 
Epiglottis 

Petiolus epiglottidis 

Tuberculum epiglotticum 

Cartilago epiglottica 
Lig. thyreoepiglotticum 



Splanchnology 



SI 



External nose 

Base of nose 

Root of nose 

Dorsum of nose 

Margin of nose 

Tip of nose 

Wing of nose 

Movable septum of nose 

Nasál cartilages 

Cartilage of nasál septum 

Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous 
septum 
Lateral nasál cartilage 
Greater alar cartilage 

Medial crus 

Lateral crus 
Lesser alar cartilages 
Sesamoid cartilages of nose 
Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson 
Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson 
Incisor canaliculus 

Larynx 

Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam's 

apple, or pomum Adami) 
Laryngeal cartilages 
Thyreoid cartilage 

Right and lef t plates 

Superior thyreoid notch 

Inferior thyreoid notch 

Superior thyreoid tubercle 

Inferior th)rreoid tubercle 

Oblique line 

Superior hom 

Inferior horn 

Thyreoid foramen 
Lateral hyothyreoid ligament 
Triticeous ("wheat-like") cartilage 
Middle hyothyreoid ligament 
Hyothyreoid membráně (O. T. thyro- 

hyoid membráně) 
Cricoid cartilage 

Arch of cricoid cartilage 



Lamina of cricoid cartilage 

Arytaenoid articular surface 

Thyreoid articular surface 
Cricothyreoid articulation 
Capsule of cricothyreoid joint 
Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments 
Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T. 

middle portion of cricothyroid mem- 
bráně) 
Cricotracheal ligament 
Arytaenoid cartilage 

Articular surface 

Base of arytaenoid cartilage 

Arched ridge 

Nodule or hillock 

Oblong depression 

Triangular depression 

Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage 

Vocal process 

Muscular process 
Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage 

of Santorini) 
Arycorniculate synchondrosis 
Cricoarytaenoid joint 
Cricopharyngeal ligament 
Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T. 

Lig. jugale) 
Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior 

thyro-arytenoid ligament) 
Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro- 
arytenoid ligament) 

Sesamoid cartilage 
Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint 
Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament 
Epiglottis 

Stem of epiglottis 

Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of 
epiglottis) 

Epiglottic cartilage 
Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. 

thyro-epiglottidean ligament) 



52 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Lig. hyoepiglotticum 

Cartilago cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini] 

Musculi laryngis 

M. aryepiglotticus 

M. cricothyreoideus 
Pars recta 

Pars obliqua 

M. cricoarytaenóideus posterior 

(M. ceratocricoideus) 

M. cricoarytaenóideus lateralis 

M. ventricularis 

M. vocalis 

M. thyreoepiglotticus 

M. thyreoarytaenoideus [externus] 
M. arytaenoideus obliquus 
M. arytaenoideus transversus 

Cavum laryngis 

Vallecula epiglottica 
Aditus laryngis 
Vestibulum laryngis 
Rima vestibuli 
Labium vocale 
Glottis 

Rima glottidis 
Pars intermembranacea 

Pars intercartilaginea 
Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] 

Appendix ventriculi laryngis 
Tunica mucosa laryngis 



Membrána elastica laryngis 
Conus elasticus 

Plica glossoepiglottica mediána 



Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis 

Plica aryepiglottica 
Plica nervi laryngei 
Plica ventricularis 

Plica vocalis 

Macula flava 
Aditus glottidis inferior 
Aditus glottidis superior 
Incisura interarytaenoidea 
Gl. laryngeae 

Gl. laryngeae anteriores 

Gl. laryngeae mediae 

Gl. laryngeae posteriores 
Noduli lymphatici laryngei 

Trachea et bronchi 

Cartilagines tracheales 
Ligg. annularia [trachealia] 
Paries membranacea 
Gl. tracheales 
Bifurcatio tracheae 
Bronchus [dexter et sinister] 
Rami bronchiales 

Rámus bronchialis eparterialis 

Rami bronchiales hyparteriales 
Tunica muscularis 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. tracheales 

Gl. bronchiales 

Pulmo 

Basis pulmonis 
Apex pulmonis 
Sulcus subclavius 



Splanchnology 



52 



Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo- 

epiglottidean ligament) 
Cuneiform cartilage 
Cuneiform tuberclc 
Comiculate tubercle of Santorini 

Muscles of laryiix 

Aryepiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno- 

epiglottidean muscle) 
Cricothyreoid muscle 

Straight part (O.T. anterior oř 
oblique part) 

Oblique part (O. T. posterior or 
horizontál part) 
Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle 
Ceratocricoid muscle 
Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle 
Ventricular muscle 
Vocal muscle (O. T. intemal thyro- 

arytenoid muscle) 
Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro- 

epiglottidean muscle) 
Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external) 
Oblique arytaenoid muscle 
Transverse arytaenoid muscle 

Cavity of larynz 

Epiglottic vallecula 
Laryngeal apertuře 
Vestibule of larynx 
Slit of vestibule (O. T. falše glottis) 
Vocal lip 

Glottis (O. T. glottis vera) 
Slit of glottis 
Intermembranous part (O. T. glot- 
tis vocalis) 
Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis 
respiratoria) 
Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal 
. sinus) 
Appendage of ventricle of larynx 
(O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac") 
Mucous coat of larynx 



Elastic membráně of larynx 

Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid 
membráně) 
Medián glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T, 

middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or 

fraenum of the epiglottis) 
Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. 

lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds) 
Ary-epiglottic fold 
Fold of laryngeal nerve 
Ventricular fold (O. T. falše vocal 

córd) 
Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord) 

Yellow spot 
Inferior entrance to glottis 
Superior entrance to glottis 
Interarytaenoid notch 
Laryngeal glands 

Anterior laryngeal glands 

Middle laryngeal glands 

Posterior laryngeal glands 
Lymph-nodules of larynx 

Trachea and bronchi 

Tracheal cartilages 
Annular ligaments 
Membranous wall 
Tracheal glands 
Bifurcation of trachea 
Right and left bronchus 
Bronchial rami 

Eparterial bronchial rámus 

Hyparterial bronchial rámus 
Muscular coat 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 

Tracheal glands 

Bronchial glands 

Lung 

Base of lung 
Apex of lung 
Subclavian sulcus 



53 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Facies costalis 

Facies mediastinalis 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Margo anterior 

Margo inferior 

Hilus pulmonis 

Radix pulmonis 

Incisura cardiaca 

Lingula pulmonis 

Lobus superior 

Lobus medius 

Lobus inferior 

Incisura interlobaris 

Lobuli pulmonum 

Rami bronchiales 

Bronchioli 

Bronchioli respiratorii 

Ductuli alveolares 

Alveoli pulmonum 

Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 

Noduli lymphatici bronchiales 

L)rmphoglandulae pulmonales 

Cavum thoracís 

Fascia endothoracica 
Cavum pleurae 
Pleura 

Cupula pleurae 

Pleura pulmonalis 

Pleura parietalis 



Pleura mediastinalis 
Laminae mediastinales 
Pleura pericardiaca 

Pleura costalis 

Pleura diaphragmatica 
Sinus pleurae 

Sinus phrenicocostalis 

Sinus costomediastinalis 
Lig. pulmonale 
Plicae adiposae 
Villi pleurales 
Septum mediastinale 

Cavum mediastinale anterius 

Cavum mediastinale posterius 

Gl. thyreoidea 

Isthmus gl. thyreoideae 
(Lobus pyramidalis) 
Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Lobuli gl. thyreoideae 
Stroma gl. thyreoideae 
(Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae) 
(Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra- 
hyoidea) 

Glomus caroticum 

Thymus 

Lobus fdexter et sinister] 
Tractus centralis 
Lobuli thymi 



Apparatus urogenitalis 



Organa uropoetica 

Ren 

Margo lateralis 

Margo medialis 

Hilus renalis 

Sinus renalis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Extremitas superior 



Extremitas inferior 
(Impressio muscularis) 
(Impressio hepatica) 
(Impressio gastrica) 
Capsula adiposa 
Tunica fibrosa 
Tunica muscularis 
Tubuli renales 
Tubuli renales contorti 



Spi^anchnology 



53 



Costal surface 

Mediastinal surface 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Anterior margin 

Inferior margin 

Hilus of lung 

Root of lung 

Cardiac notch 

Lingula, or little tongue, of lung 

Upper lobe 

Middle lobe 

Inferior lobe 

Interlobar incisure 

Pulmonary lobules 

Bronchial rami 

Bronchioles 

Respiratory bronchioles 

Alveolar ductules 

Pulmonary alveoli 

Bronchial lymph glands 

Bronchial lymph-nodules 

Pulmonary lymph glands 

Thoracic cavity 

Endothoracic fascia 
Pleural cavity 
Pleura 

Dome or cupola of pleura 

Pulmonary pleura 

Parietal pleura 



Mediastinal pleura 
Mediastinal layers 
Pericardiac pleura 

Costal pleura 

Diaphragmatic pleura 
Sinuses of the pleura 

Phrenicocostal sinus 

Costomediastinal sinus 
Pulmonary ligament 
Adipose folds 
Pleural villi 
Mediastinal septum 

Anterior mediastinal cavity 

Posterior mediastinal cavity 

Thyreoid gland 

Isthmus of thyreoid 
Pyramidal lobe 
Right and left lobes 
Lobules of gland 
Stroma of gland 
Accessory thyreoid glands 

Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland 

Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid 

gland) 

Thymus 

Right and left lobe 
Central tract 
Lobules of th)rmus 



Urogenital systém 



Uropoietic organs 

Kidney 

Lateral margin 

Medial margin 

Renal hilus 

Renal sinus 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Superior extremity 



Inferior extremity 
Muscular impression 
Hepatic impression 
Gastric impression 
Adipose capsule 
Fibrous coat 
Muscular coat 
Renal tubules 

Convoluted renal tubules 



54 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tubuli renales recti 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia medullaris 
Lobi renales 

P)n:amides renales [Malpighii] 
Basis pyramidis 
Papillae renales 
Area cribrosa 
Foramina papillaria 
Columnae renales [Bertini] 
Lobuli corticales 

Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini] 

Pars convoluta 
Corpuscula renis [Malpighii] 

Glomeruli 

Capsula glomeruli 
Pelvis renalis 
Calyces renales 

Calyces renales majores 

Calyces renales minores 
Gl. pelvis renalis 

Arteriae' renis 

Aa. interlobares renis 
Arteriae arciformes 
Arteriae interlobulares 
Vas afferens 
Vas efferens 
Rami capsulares 
Arteriolae rectae 
Aa. nutriciae pelvis renalis 

Venae renis 

Vv. interlobares 
Venae arciformes 
Venae interlobulares 
Venulae rectae 
Venae fetellatae 

Ureter 

Pars abdominalis 



Pars pelvina 
Tunicá adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratům externum 

Stratům medium 

Stratům interními 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. mucosae ureteris 

Vesica urinaría 

Vertex vesicae 

Corpus vesicae 

Fundus vesicae 

Lig. umbilicale medium 

Urachus 

Tunica serosa 

Tunica muscularis 

Stratům externum 

Stratům medium 

Stratům interními 
M. pubovesicalis 
M. rectovesicalis 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. vesicales 

Noduli lymphatici vesicales 
Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] 

Uvula vesicae 

Plica ureterica 

Orificium ureteris 
Orificium urethrae intemum 
Annulus urethralis 

Qlandula suprarenalis 

Substantia corticalis 
Substantia medullaris 
Hilus gl. suprarenalis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Basis gl. suprarenalis 
Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] 
Margo superior 
Margo medialis 



Splanchnology 



54 



Straight renal tubules 
Cortical substance 
MeduUary substance 
Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi) 
Renal pyramids 
Base of pyramid 
Renal papillae 
Cribriform area 
Papillary foramina 
Renal columns 
Cortical lobules 

Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of 
Ferrein) 

Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth) 
Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian 

corpuscles) 
Glomeruli 

Capsule of glomerulus 
Renal pelvis 
Renal calyces 

Greater renal calyces 

Smaller renal calyces 
Glands of renal pelvis 

Renal arteries 

Interlobar arteries of kidney 
Arciform arteries oř renal arches 
Interlobular arteries 
Afferent vessel 
Efferent vessel 
Capsular branches 
Straight arterioles 
Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis 

Renal veins 

Interlobar veins 
Arciform veins 
Interlobular veins 
Straight venules 
Stellate veins 



Ureter 



Abdominal part 



Pelvic part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Mucous coat 
Mucous glands of ureter 

Urínary bladder 

Apex of bladder 

Body of bladder 

Fundus of bladder 

Middle umbilical ligament 

Urachíis 

Serous coat 

Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Pubovesical muscle 
Rectovesical muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 
Vesical glands 
Vesical lymph-nodules 
Lieutauďs trigone of the bladder 

Vesical uvula 

Ureteral fold 

Orifice of ureter 
Internal orifice of ureter 
Urethral ring 

Suprarenal gland 

Cortical substance 
MeduUary substance 
Hilus of suprarenal gland 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Base of suprarenal gland 
Apex of right suprarenal 
Superior margin 
Medial margin 



55 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Véna centralis 

(Gl. suprarenales accessoriae) 

Organa genitalia 
Organa genitalia virilia 

Testis 

Extremitas superior 

Extremitas inferior 

Facies lateralis 

Facies medialis 

Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 

Tunica albuginea 

Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori] 

Septula testis 

Lobuli testis 

Parenchyma testis 

Tubuli seminiferi contorti 

Tubuli seminiferi recti 

Tunica propria 
Rete testis [Halleri] 
Ductuli efferentes testis 
Sperma [Semen] 
Ep idi dy m is 
Caput epididymidis 
Corpus epididymidis 
Cauda epididymidis 
Lobuli epididymidis 
Ductus epididymidis 
Ductuli aberrantes 
(Ductulus aberrans superior) 
Appendices testis 

Appendix testis [Morgagnii] 

(Appendix epididymis) 
Paradidymis 

Ductus deferens 

AmpuUa ductus deferentis 
Diverticula ampullae 
Tunica adventitia 



Tunica muscularis 

Stratům externum 

Stratům medium 

Stratům intemum 
Tunica mucosa 
Ductus ejaculatorius 

Vesicula seminalis 

Corpus vesiculae seminalis 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica mucosa 
Ductus excretorius 

Funiculus spermaticus et 
tunicae testis et funiculi spermatici 

(Rudimentům processus vaginalis) 
Tunica vaginalis propria testis 

Lamina parietalis 

Lamina visceralis 
Lig. epididymidis superius 
Lig. epididymidis inferius 
Sinus epididymidis 
Tunica vaginalis commimis [testis et 

funiculi spermatici] 
M. cremaster 

Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] 
Descenstis testis 
Gubernaculum testis [Hunterí\ 

Prostata 

Basis prostatae 
Apex prostatae 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Isthmus prostatae 
(Lobus medius) 
Corpus glandulare 
Ductus prostatici 
Succus prostaticus 
M. prostaticus 



Splanchnology 



55 



Central vein 

Accessory suprarenal glands 

Genital organs 
Male genital organs 

Testicle 

Superior extremity 

Inferior extremity 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface 

Anterior margin 

Posterior margin 

Albugineous coat 

Mediastinum of testicle 

Septules of testicle 

Lobules of testicle 

Parenchyma 

Convoluted seminiferous tubules 

Straight seminiferous tubules 

Proper coat 
Network 
Efferent ductules 
Sperm or semen 
E p i d idy m is 
Head of epididymis 
Body of epididymis 
Tail of epididymis 
Lobules of epididymis 
Ducts of epididymis 
Aberrant ductules 
Superior aberrant ductule 
Appendages of the testicle 

Morgagni's appendage of testicle (O. 
T. hydatid of Morgagni) 

Appendage of epididymis 
Paradidymis (O. T. organ of 

Giraldes) 
Deferent duet (O. T. vas def- 

erens) 
AmpuUa of deferent duet 
Diverticula of ampulla 

Adventitious coat 



Muscular coat 
External layer 
Middle layer 
Internal layer 
Mucous coat 
Ejaculatory duet 

Seminal vesicles 

Body of seminal vesicles 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Mucous coat 
Exeretory duet 

Spermatic cord and coats of the 
testicle and cord 

Rudiment of vaginal process 

Proper sheath of testicle 
Parietal layer 
Visceral layer 

Superior ligament of epididymis 

Inferior ligament of epididymis 

Sinus of epididymis 

Common sheath of testicle and sper- 
matic cord 

Cremasteric musele 

Cremasteric fascia 

Descent o} the testicle 

Gubernactdum Q^pUoť^) of testicle 

Prostatě 

Base of prostatě 
Apex of prostatě 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Right and left lobe 
Isthmus of prostatě 

Middle lobe 
Glandular body 
Prostatic ducts 
Prostatic fluid 
Prostatic musele 



S6 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi] 

Corpus gl. bulbourethralis 
Ductus excretorius 

Partes genitales externae 

Penis 

Radix penis 
Corpus penis 
Crus penis 
Dorsum penis 
Facies urethralis 
Glans penis 

Corona glandis 

Septum glandis 

CoUum glandis 
Praeputium 
Frenulum praeputii 
Raphe penis 

Corpus cavernosum penis 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae 
Bulbus urethrae 

Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae 

Septum bulbi urethrae 
Tunica albuginea corporum caverno- 

sorum 
Septum penis 

Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum 
Cavernae corporum cavernosorum 
Arteriae helicinae 
Venae cavemosae 
Lig. suspensorium penis 
Fascia penis 
Gl. praeputiales 
Smegma praeputii 

Urethra virilis 

Pars prostatica 
Crista urethralis 
CoUiculus seminalis 
Utriculus prostaticus 
Pars membranacea 
Pars cavernosa 



Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii] 
(Valvula fossae navicularis) 
Orificium urethrae extemum 
Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii] 
Gl. urethrales [Littrei] 

Scrotum 

Raphe scroti 
Septum scroti 
Tunica dartos 

Organa genitalia muliebria 

Ovarium 

Hilus ovarii 

Facies medialis 

Facies lateralis 

Margo liber 

Margo mesovaricus 

Extremitas tubaria 

Extremitas uterina 

Stroma ovarii 

FoUiculi oophori primarii 

FoUiculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi] 

Theca foUiculi 

Tunica externa 

Tunica interna 
Liquor foUiculi 
Stratům granulosum 
Cumulus oophorus 

Ovulum 
Corpus luteum 
Corpus albicans 
Lig. ovarii proprium 

Tuba uterina [Falloppii] 

Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae 
Infundibulum tubae uterinae 
Fimbriae tubae 

Fimbria ovarica 
AmpuUa tubae uterinae 
Isthmus tubae uterinae 



Splanchnology 



56 



Bulbo-urethral gland (O. T. Cow- 
per's gland) 

Body of gland 
Excretory duet 

Parts of extemal genitals 

Penis 

Root of penis 

Body of penis 

Crus of penis 

Dorsum of penis 

Urethral surface 

Glans ("acorn") of penis 

Corona of glans 

Septum of glans 

Neck of glans 
Prepuce 

Frenulum of prepuce 
Raphe of penis 
Cavernous body of penis 
Cavernous body of urethra 
Bulb of urethra 

Hemispheres of bulb of urethra 

Septum of bulb of urethra 
Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies 

Septum of penis 

Trabeculae of cavernous bodies 

Cavems of cavernous bodies 

Spirál arteries 

Cavernous veins 

Suspensory ligament of penis 

Fascia of penis 

Preputial glands 

Smegma of prepuce 

Male urethra 

Prostatic part 
Urethral crest 
Seminal hillock 
Prostatic utricle 
Membranous part 
Cavernous part 



Navicular fossa of urethra 
Valve of navicular fossa 
External urethral orifice 
Urethral lacunae of Morgagni 
Urethral glands of Littre 

Scrotum 

Raphe of scrotum 
Septum of scrotum 
Dartos ("flayed") coat 

Female genital organs 

Ovary 

Hilus of ovary 

Medial surface 

Lateral surface 

Free margin 

Mesovarian margin 

Tubal extremity 

Uterine extremity 

Stroma of ovary 

Primary ovarian foUicles 

Vesicular ovarian foUicles (O. T. 

Graafian foUicles) 
Theca of foUicle 

External coat 

Internal coat 
Liquor of follicle 
Granular layer 

Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro- 
ligerus) 

Ovule 
Corpus luteum: "yellow body*' 
Corpus albicans: "white body" 
Proper Hgament of ovary 

Uterine tube (O. T. Fallopian tube) 

Abdominal mouth of uterine tube 
Infundibulum of uterine tube 
Fimbriae of tube 

Ovarian fimbria 
AmpuUa of uterine tube 
Isthmus of uterine tube 



S7 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Pars uterina 
Ostium uterinum tubae 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratům longitudinale 

Stratům circulare 
Těla submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Plicae tubariae 

Plicae ampuUares 

Plicae isthmicae 

Uterus 

Corpus uteri 

Fundus uteri 

Margo lateralis 

Facies vesicalis 

Facies intestinalis 

Cavum uteri 

Orificium internum uteri 

Cervix [uteri] 

Portio supravaginalis [cervicis] 
Portio vaginalis [cervicis] 
Orificium externum uteri 

Labium anterius 

Labium posterius 
Canalis cervicis uteri 
Plicae palmatae 
Gl. cervicales [uteri] 
Parametrium 

Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica muscularis cervicis 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. uterinae 
M. rectouterinus 
Lig. teres uteri 
(Processus vaginalis peritonaei) 



Vagína 

Fomix vaginae 

Paries anterior 

Paries posterior 

Hymen [femininus] 

Carunculae hymenales 

Tunica muscularis 

Tunica mucosa 

Noduli lymphatici vaginales 

Rugae vaginales 

Columnae rugarum 
Columna rugarum posterior 
Columna rugarum anterior 
Carina urethralis [vaginae] 

Epoophoron 

Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart- 
neri] 
Ductuli transversi 
Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii] 

Paroophoron 

Partes genitales extemae 

Pudendum muliebre 

Labium majus pudendi 

Commissura labiorum anterior 

Commissura labiorum posterior 

Frenulum labiorum pudendi 

Rima pudendi 

Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae] 

Labium minus pudendi 

Vestibulum vaginae 

Bulbus vestibuli 

Gl. sebaceae 

Gl. vestibulares minores 

Orificium vaginae 

Gl. vestibularis major [Bartholini} 

Clitoris 

Crus clítoridis 
Corpus clítoridis 



Splanchnology 



57 



TJterine part 
Uterine mouth of tube 
Serous coat 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Circular layer 
Submucous těla 
Mucous coat 
Tubal folds 

Ampullar folds 

Isthmian folds 

Utenxs 

Body of uterus 

Pundus of uterus 

Lateral margin 

Vesical surface 

Intestinal surface 

Cavity of uterus 

Internal orifice of uterus (O. T, in- 

ternal os) 
Neck of uterus 

Supravaginal portion of cervix 
Vaginal portion of cervix 
Extemal orifice of uterus (O. T. 
external os) 

Anterior lip 

Posterior lip 
Canal of neck of uterus 
Palmate folds 
Cervical glands of uterus 
Parametrium 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 
Muscular coat of neck 
Mucous coat 

Uterine glands 
Rectouterine muscle 
Round ligament of uterus 
Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T. 

canal of Nuck) 



Vagína ("sheath") 

Fornix of vagina 

Anterior wall 

Posterior wall 

Hymen 

Hymeneal caruncles 

Muscular coat 

Mucous coat 

Vaginal lymph-nodules 

Rugae ("wrinkles") of vaginal wall 

Columns of the rugae 

Posterior column 

Anterior column 

Urethral carina ("keel") of vagina 

Epo-ophoron (O. T. parovariiim or 
organ of Rosenmueller) 

Longitudinal duet of epo-ophoron 
(O. T. Gartner's duet) 

Transverse ductules 
Vesicular appendages of Morgagni 

(O. T. hydatids of Morgagni) 

Paro-ophoron 

External genital parts 

Vulva ("wrapper") 

Greater lip of vulva 

Anterior labial commissure 

Posterior labial commissure 

Frenulum of pudendal labia 

Pudendal slit 

Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina 

Lesser lip of vulva 

Vestibule of vagina 

Vestibular bulb 

Sebaceous glands 

Lesser vestibular glands 

Orifice of vagina 

Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin 

Clitoris 

Crus of clitoris 
Body of clitoris 



S8 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Glans clitoridis 
Frenulum clitoridis 
Praeputium clitoridis 
Smegma clitoridis 
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis 
Septum corporum cavernosorum 
Fascia clitoridis 
Lig. suspensorium clitoridis 

Urethra muliebris 

Orificium urethrae externum 
Corpus spongiosum urethrae 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratům circulare 

Stratům longitudinale 
Tunica submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. urethrales 
Crista urethralis 
(Ductus paraurethrales) 
Termini ontogenetici 
Membranae deciduae 

DecidíM vera 

Decidua capsularis 

Decidua basalis 
Placenta 

Placenta uterina 

Placenta foetalis 
Funicvdus umhUicalis 
Corpus Wolffi 
Ductus Wolfii 
Dííctus Muelleri 
Sinus urogenitalis 

Períneum 

Raphe perinei 
Musculi perinei 
Diaphragma pelvis 
M. leva tor ani 
Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani 

M. coccygeus [vide p. 40] 
M. sphincter ani extemus 



Lig. anococcygeum 
Fascia pelvis 

Fascia endopelvina 

Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior 

Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] 
medium 

Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] 
laterale 

Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior 
Diaphragma urogenitale 

M. transversus perinei profundus 

M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae 

Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su- 
perior 

Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- 
ferior 

Lig. transversum pelvis 



Fascia prostatae 

Fascia obturatoria 

Fossa ischiorectalis 

M. transversus perinei superficialis 

M. ischiocavernosus 

M. bulbocavernosus 



Fascia superficialis perinei 

Peritonaeum 

Tunica serosa 
Těla subserosa 
Peritonaeum parietale 
Peritonaeum viscerale 



Splanchnology 



S8 



Glans of clitoris 
Frenulum of clitoris 
Prepuce of clitoris 

Smegma of clitoris 
Cavernous body of clitoris 
Septum of cavernous bodies 
Fascia of clitoris 
Suspensory ligament of clitoris 

Female tirethra 

External orifice of urethra 
Spongy body of urethra 
Muscular coat 

Circular layer 

Longitudinal layer 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Urethral glands 
Urethral crest 
Para-urethral ducts 
Ontogenetic terms 
Decidiíous membranes 

True decidíia 

Capsular decidua 

Basal decidua 
Placenta ("cake") 

Uterine placenta 

Foetal placenta 
Umbilical cord 
Wolffian body 
Wolffian duet 
Muellerian duet 
Urogenital sinus 

Perineum 

Perineal raphe 
Perineal muscles 
Pelvic diaphragm 
Levator muscle of anus 

Tendinous arch of levator ani mus- 
cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis) 
Coccygeus muscle 
External sphincter muscle of anus 



Anococcygeal ligament 
Pelvic fascia 

Endopelvic fascia 

Superior fascia of the pelvic dia- 
phragm 

Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia 

Middle puboprostatic oř puboves- 
ical ligament (O. T. anterior true 
ligament of bladder) 

Lateral puboprostatic or puboves- 

ical ligament (O. T. lateral true 

ligament of bladder) 

Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm 

Urogenital diaphragm (O. 

T. triangular ligament) 
Deep transverse muscle of perineum 
Sphincter muscle of the membranous 

urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae) 
Superior fascia of urogenital dia- 
phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian- 
gular ligament) 
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm 

(O. T. superficial layer of triangular 

ligament) 
Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T. 

medián puboprostatic ligament of 

Krause) 
Prostatic fascia 
Obturator fascia 
Ischiorectal fossa 

Superficial transverse perineal muscle 
Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector 

penis [vel clitoridis] muscle) 
Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac- 

ulator seminis or accelerator urinae; 

sphincter vaginae) 
Superficial perineal fascia 

Peritoneum 

Serous coat 
Subserous těla 
Parietal peritoneum 
Visceral peritoneum 



59 



Anatobíical Nomenclature 



Cavum peritonaei 
MesetUerium commune 
Mesenterium 

Rádix mesenterii 

Lamina mesenterii propria 
Mesocolon 

Mesocolon transversum 

Mesocolon ascendens 

Mesocolon descendens 

Mesocolon sigmoideum 
Mesorectum 

Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis 
Mesogastrium 
Omentum minus 

Lig. hepatogastricum 

Lig. hepatoduodenale 

(Lig. hepatocolicum) 
Lig. gastrolienale 

Lig. gastrocolicum 
Omentum majus 
Bursa omentalis 

Vestibulum bursae omentalis 
Recessus superior omentalis 
Recessus inferior omentalis 
Recessus lienalis 
Plica gastropancreatica 
Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi] 

Lig. phrenicocolicum 

Lig. phrenicolienale 
Lig. falciforme hepatis 
Lig. coronarium hepatis 
Lig. triangulare dextrum 



Lig. triangulare sinistrum 

Lig. hepatorenale 

(Lig. duodenorenale) 

Recessus duodenojejunalis 

Plica duodenojejunalis 

(Plica duodenomesocolica) 

Recessus intersigmoideus 

Recessus iliocaecalis superior 

Recessus iliocaecalis inferior 

Plica iliocaecalis 

Fossa caecalis 

Recessus retrocaecalis 

Plica caecalis 

Recessus paracolici 

(Fossa iliacosubfascialis) 

(Recessus phrenicohepatici) 

Plica umbilicalis media 

Plica umbilicalis lateralis 

Plica epigastrica 

Plica pubovesicalis 

Plica vesicalis transversa 

Mesorchium 

Processus vaginalis peritonaei 

Lig. latum uteri 
Mesometrium 
Mesosalpinx 
Mesovarium 

Bursa ovarica 

Lig. suspensorium ovarii 

Plica rectouterina [Douglasi] 

Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou- 
glasi] 

Excavatio vesicouterina 

Excavatio rectovesicalis 

Spatimn retroperitonaeale 



Splanchnology 



S9 



Peritoneal cavity 
Common meseniery 
Mesentery 

Root of the mesentery 

Proper layer of the mesentery 
Mesocolon 

Transverse mesocolon 

Ascending mesocolon 

Descending mesocolon 

Sigmoid mesocolon 
Mesorectum 
Meso-appendix 
Mesogastrium 
Lesser omentum 

Hepatogastric ligament 

Hepatoduodenal ligament 
Hepatocolic ligament 
Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas- 

trosplenic omentum) 
Gastrocolic ligament 
Greater omentum 

Omental bursa (O. T. lesser perito- 
neal sac) 

Vestibule of omental bursa 

Superior omental recess 

Inferior omental recess 

Splenic recess 

Gastropancreatic fold 

Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen 
of Winslow) 
Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos- 

tocolic ligament) 
Phrenicosplenic ligament 
Falciform ligament of liver 
Coronary ligament of liver 
Right triangular ligament 



Left triangular ligament 
Hepatorenal ligament 
Duodenorenal ligament. 
Duodenojejunal recess 
Duodenojejunal fold 
Duodenomesocolic fold 
Intersigmoid recess 
Superior ileocaecal recess 
Inferior ileocaecal recess 
Ileocaecal fold 
Caecal fossa 
Retrocaecal recess 
Caecal fold 
Paracolic recess 
Iliaco-subfascial fossa 
Phrenicohepatic recess 
Middle umbilical fold 
Lateral umbilical fold 
Epigastric fold 
Pubovesical fold 
Transverse vesical fold 
Mesorchium 

Sheath process of peritoneum 
Broad ligament of uterus 

Mesometrium 

Mesosalpinx 

Mesovarium 
Ovarian bursa 

Suspensory ligament of ovary 
Recto-uterine fold 
Recto-uterine excavation, oř cul-de- 

sac of Douglas 
Vesico-uterine excavation 
Rectovesical excavation 
Retroperitoneal space 



6o 



Anaxomical N0M£NCLATU&£ 



Angíología 



Vas coUaterale 

Vas anastomoticum 

Rámus communicans 

Plexus vasculosus 

Rete vasculosum 

Rete mirabile 

Arteria 

Arteriola 

Véna 

Véna cutanea 

Véna comitans 

Venula 

Plexus venosus 

Rete venosum 

Sinus [venosus] 



Emissarium 

Corpus cavernosum 

Vas capillare 

Vas lymphaticum 

Plexus lymphaticus 

Lymphoglandula 

Nodulus lymphaticus 

Cisterna 

Tunica externa [adventitia] 

Tunica media 

Tunica intima 

Vasa vasorum 

Vagina vasorum 

Sanguis 

Lympha 



Cor 



Basis cordis 

Facies sternocostalis 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Apex cordis 

Incisura [apicis] cordis 

Sukus longitudinalis anterior 

Sulcus longitudinalis posterior 

Sukus coronarius 

Pericardium 
Liquor pericardii 
Ligg. sternopericardiaca 
Sinus transversus pericardii 



Epicardium 

Myocardium 

Endocardium 

Ventriculus cordis 

Septum ventriculorum 

Septum musculare ventriculorum 
Septum membranaceum ventricu- 
lorum 

Atrium cordis 

Auricula cordis 

Septum atriorum 
Pars membranacea septi atriorum 

Ostium venosum 
Ostium arteriosum 



..» I 



ÁMGIOLOGY 



tio 



Angiology 



Collateral vessel 

Anastomotic vessel 

Communicating branch 

Vascular plexus 

Vascular rete 

Rete mirabile ("wonderful network") 

Artery 

Arteriole 

Vein 

Cutaneous vein 

Accompanying vein 

Veniile 

Venouš plexus 

Venouš rete 

Venouš sinus 



Emissary (vessel) 
Cavemous body 
Capillary vessel 
L)rmphatic vessel 
Lymphatic plexus 
Lymph gland 
Lymph nodule 
Cistern 
External coat 
Middle coat 
Inner coat 

Vessels of the vessels 
Sheath of the vessels 
Blood 
Lymph 



Heart 



Base of heart 

Sternocostal surface 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Apex of heart 

Notch at apex of heart 

Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 

anterior interventricular groove) 
Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 

posterior interventricular groove) 
Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven- 

tricular groove) 
Pericardium 
Pericardial fluid 
Sternopericardiac ligaments 
Transverse sinus of pericardium 



Epicardium 

Myocardium 

Endocardium 

Ventricle of heart 

Septum of ventricles 

Muscular septum of ventricles 
Membranous septum of ventricles 

Forechamber (O. T. auricle) 
Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix) 
Septum of atria 
Membranous part of septum of 
atria 
Venouš orifice 
Arterial orifice 



6i 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Trabeculae carneae 
Vortex cordis 
Mm. papillares 
Chordae tendineae 
Trigona fibrosa 
Annuli fibrosi 

Atrium dextrum 

Mm. pectinati 

Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri 

Crista terminalis 

Sinus venanim [cavarum] 

Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii] 

Auricula dextra 

Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri] 
Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu- 

stachii] 
Fossa ovalis 
Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii] 

Foramina venarum minimarum [The- 
besii] 

Ventrículus dexter 

Valvula tricuspidalis 

Cuspis anterior 



Cuspis posterior 

Cuspis medialis 

Crista supraventricularis 

Conus arteriosus 

Valvulae semilunares a. puknpnalis 
Valvula semilunaris anterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 

Lunulae valvulanun semilunariími 

Atrium sinistrum 

Auricula sinistra 

Valvula foraminis ovalis 

Ventriculus sinister 

Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis] 

Cuspis anterior 
Cuspis posterior 

Valvulae semilunares aortae 
Valvula semilunaris posterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 
[Arantii] 

Lunulae valvularum semilunarium 



Arteriae 



A. pulmonalis 

Rámus dexter 
Rámus sinister 
Ductiís arteriosus [BotaUt\ 
Ligamentum arteriosum 



Aorta 



Aorta ascendens 



Bulbus aortae 

Sinus aortae [Valsalvae] 

Arcus aortae 

Isthmus aortae 

Aorta descendens 

A. coronaria [cordis] dextra 

Rámus descendens posterior 
A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra 



Angiology 



61 



Fleshy cords (O. T. coliimnae camae) 

Vortex of heart 

Papillary muscles 

Tendinous cords 

Fibrous trigones 

Fibrous rings 

Right atrium 

Pectinate (" comb-like") muscles 

Terminál sulcus of the right atrium 

rerminal crest 

Venouš sinus 

Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus 

ovalíš) 
Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap- 

pendix) 
Intervenous tubercle of Lower 
Valve of inferíor véna cava (O. T. 

Eustachian valve) 
Oval fossa 
Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary 

valve, oř valve of Thebesius) 
Foramina of the ámallest veins (O. T. 

foramina Thebesii) 

Right veutricle 

Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo- 
ventricular valve) 
Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular 
cusp) 



Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal 
cusp) 

Medial cusp (O. T. šeptal cusp) 
Supraventricular crest 
Arterial cone 
Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery 

Anterior semilunar valve 

Right semilunar valve 

Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves 
Crescents of the semilunar valves 

Left atrium (O. T. left auricle) 

Left auricle (O. T. left auricular 

appendix) 
Valve of the foramen 

Left ventricle 

Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left 
auriculoventricular valve) 

Anterior cusp 

Posterior cusp 
Semilunar valves of aorta 

Posterior semilunar valve 

Right semilunar valve 

Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T. 

corpora Arantii) 
Crescents, or "sails" of semilunar 

valves 



Arteries 



Pulmonary artery 



Right rámus 
Left rámus 
Arterial dud 
Arterial ligament 



Aorta 



Ascending aorta 



Bulb of aorta 

Sinuses of aorta (O. T. sinus 

salvae) 
Arch of aorta 
Isthmus of aorta 
Descending aorta 
Right coronary artery of heart 

Posterior descending rámus 
Left coronary artery of heart 



Val- 



62 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Rámus circumflexus 
Rámus descendens anterior 

A. anonyma 

(A. thyreoidea ima) 

A. carotis communis 
A. carotis extema 

A. thyreoidea superior 

Rámus hyoideus 

Rámus stemocleidomastoideus 

A. laryngea superior 

Rámus cricothyreoideus 

Rámus anterior 

Rámus posterior 

Rami glandulares 

A. pharjmgea ascendens 

A. meningea posterior 

Rami pharyngei 

A. tympanica inferior 

A. lingualis 

Rámus hyoideus 
A. sublingualis 
Rami dorsales linguae 
A. profunda linguae 



A. maxillaris extema 

A. palatina ascendens 
Rámus tonsillaris 
A. submentalis 
Rami glandulares 
A. labialis inferior 
A. labialis superior 
A. angularis 

A. stemocleidomastoidea 

A. occipitalis 

Rámus mastoideus 
Rámus auricularis 



Rami musculares 

Rámus descendens 
(Rámus meningeus) 
Rami occipitales 

A. auricularis posterior 

A. stylomastoidea 

A. tympanica posterior 

Rami mastoidei 

Rámus stapedius 
Rámus auricularis 
Rámus occipitalis 

A. temporalis superfícialis 

Rami parotidei 

A. trans versa faciei 

Rami auriculares anteriores 

A. zygomaticoorbitalis 

A. temporalis media 

Rámus frontalis 

Rámus parietalis 

A. maxillaris interna 

A. auricularis profufida 
A. tympanica anterior 
A. alveolaris inferior 

R. mylohyoideus 

A. mentalis 

A. meningea media 

(Rámus meningeus accessorius) 

Rámus petrosus superficialis 

A. tympanica superior 
A. masseterica 

A. temporalis profunda posterior 
A. temporalis profunda anterior 
Rami pterygoidei 
A. buccinatoria 
A. alveolaris superior posterior 

A. infraorbitalis 

Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores 



Angiology 



62 



Circumflex rámus 
Anterior descending rámus 

Innominate artery 

Lowest thyreoid artery 

Common carotid artery 
External carotíd artery 

Superior thyreoid artery 

Hyoid rámus 

Sternocleidomastoid rámus 
Superior laryngeal artery 
Cricothyreoid rámus 
Anterior rámus 
Posterior rámus 
Glandular rami 

Ascending pharjrngeal artery 

Posterior meningeal artery 
Pharyngeal rami 
Inferior tympanic artery 

Lingual artery 

Hyoid rámus 
Sublingual artery 
Dorsal rami of tongue 
Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine 
artery) 

External maxillary artery (O. T. 
facial artery) 

Ascending palatine artery 
Tonsillar rami 
Submental artery 
Glandular rami 
Inferior labial artery 
Superior labial artery 
Angular artery 

Sternocleidomastoid artery 

Occipital artery 

Mastoid rámus 
Auricular rámus 



Muscular rami 

Descending rámus 
Meningeal rámus 
Occipital rami 

Posterior auricular artery 

Stylomastoid artery 

Posterior tympanic artery 

Mastoid rami 

Stapedial rámus 
Auricular rámus 
Occipital rámus 

Superfícial temporal artery 

Parotid rami 
Transverse artery of face 
Anterior auricular rami 
Zygomatico-orbital artery 
Middle temporal artery 
Frontal rámus 
Parietal rámus 

Intemal maxillary artery 

Deep auricular artery 

Anterior tympanic artery 

Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in- 
ferior dental) 

Mylohyoid tamus 

Mental artery 

Middle meningeal artery 

Accessory meningeal rámus (O. T. 
small meningeal) 
Superficial petrosal rámus 
Superipr tympanic artery 

Masseteric artery 

Posterior deep temporal artery 

Anterior deep temporal artery 

Pterygoid rami 

Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal) 

Posterior superior alveolar artery (O. 
T. posterior dental) 

Infraorbital artery 
Anterior superior alveolar arteries 
(O. T. anterior superior dental) 



63 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. palatina descendens 
A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
A. palatina major 
Aa. palatinae minores 
A. sphenopalatina 
Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et 
septí 

A. carotis interna 

Rámus caroticotympanicus 



A. ophthalmica 

A. centralis retinae 

A. lacrimalis 

Aa. palpebrales laterales 

Rami musculares 

Aa. ciliares posteriores breves 

Aa. ciliares posteriores longae 

Aa. ciliares anteriores 

Aa. conjunctivales anteriores 

Aa. conjunctivales posteriores 

Aa. episclerales 

A. supraorbitalis 

A. ethmoidalis posterior 

A. ethmoidalis anterior 

A. meningea anterior 

Aa. palpebrales mediales 

Arcus tarseus superior 

Arcus tarseus inferior 

A. frontalis 

A. dorsalis naši 

Aa. cerebri 

A. communicans posterior 
A. chorioidea 

A. cerebri anterior 

A. communicans anterior 

A. cerebri media 



A. subclavia 

A. vertebralis 

Ranil spinales 
A. spinalis posterior 
A. spinalis anterior 
Rámus meningeus 

A. cerebelli inferior posterior 

A. basilaris 

A. cerebelli inferior anterior 
A. auditiva interna 

Rami ad pontem 

A. cerebelli superior 
A. cerebri posterior 
Circulus arteriosus [Willisi] 

A. mammaria interna 

Aa. mediastinales anteriores 

Aa. thymicae 

Rami bronchiales 

A. pericardiacophrenica 

Rami stemales 
Rami perforantes 

Rami mammarii 

Rami musculares 

Rami cutanei 
(Rámus costalis lateralis) 
Rami intercostales 

A. musculophrenica 
A. epigastrica superior 

Truncus th3rreocervicalis 

A. th3rreoidea inferior 

A. laryngea inferior 
Rami pharyngei 
Rami oesophagei 



Angiology 



63 



Descending palatine artery 
Artery\ of pterygoid canal 
Greater palatine artery 
Lesser palatine arteries 
Sphenopalatine artery 
Posterior lateral arteries of the nose 
and of septum 

Internal carotid artery 

Caroticotympanic rámus (O. T. tym- 
panic branch) 

Ophthalmic artery 

Central artery of retina 
Lacrimal artery 
Lateral palpebral arteries 
Muscular rami 

Short posterior ciliary arteries 
Long posterior ciliary arteries 
Anterior ciliary arteries 
Anterior conjunctival arteries 
Posterior conjunctival arteries 
Episcleral arteries 
Supraorbital artery 
Posterior ethmoidal artery 
Anterior ethmoidal artery 
Anterior meningeal artery 
Middle palpebral arteries 
Superior tarsal arch 
Inferior tarsal arch 
Frontal artery 
Dorsal artery of nose 

Cerebral arteries 

Posterior communicating artery 

Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho- 

roidal) 

Anterior cerebral artery 

Anterior communicating artery 

Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria 

fossae Sylvii) 
8 



Subclavian artery 

Vertebral artery 

Spinal rami 

Posterior spinal artery 

Anterior spinal artery 

Meningeal rámus (O. T. posterior 

meningeal branch) 
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery 

Basílar artery 

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 

Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi- 
tory artery) 

Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter- 
ies) 

Superior cerebellar arteries 

Posterior cerebral artery 

Arterial circle of Willis 

Internal mammary artery 

Anterior mediastinal arteries 
Thymic arteries 
Bronchial rami 
Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T. 

arteria comes nervi phrenici) 
Stemal rami 
Perforating rami 

Mammary rami 

Muscular rami 

Cutaneous rami 
Lateral costal rámus 
Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter- 

costals) 
Musculophrenic artery 
Superior epigastric artery 

Thyreocervical trunk (O. T. thy- 

roid azis) 

Inferior thyreoid artery 

Inferior laryngeal artery 
Pharyngeal rami 
Oesophageal rami 



64 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Rami tracheales 
Ramí glandulares 

A. cervicalís ascendens 

Rami spinales 
Rami musculares 
Rámus profundus 

A. cervicalís superfícialis 
A« transversa scapulae 

Rámus acromialis 

Truncus costocervicalis 

A. intercostalis suprema 

Rami dorsales 
Rami spinales 
A. cervicalis profunda 

A. transversa coUi 

Rámus ascendens 

Rámus descendens 

* 

A. axillaris 

Rami subscapulares 

A. thoracalis suprema 

A. thoracoacromialis 

Rámus acromialis 
Rete acromiale 
Rámus deltoideus 
Rami pectorales 

A. thoracalis lateralis 

Rami mammarii externí 

A. subscapularis 
A. thoracodorsalis 



A. circumflexa scapulae 



A. circumflexa humeri anterior 
A. circumflexa humeri posterior 
A. brachialis 

A. profunda brachii 

Aa. nutritiae humeri 
R. deltoideus 
A. coUateralis media 
A. collateralis radialis 



A. collateralis ulnaris superior 
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior 

A. radialis 

A', recurrens radialis 
Rami musculares 
Rámus carpeus volaris 

Rámus volaris superficialis 
Rámus carpeus dorsalis 

Rete carpi dorsale 

Aa. metacarpeae dorsales 

Aa. digitales dorsales 
A. princeps poUicis 
A. volaris indicis radialis 

Arcus volaris profundus 

Aa. metacarpeae volares 
Rami perforantes 



Angiology 



64 



Tracheal rami 
Glandular rami 

Ascending cervical artery 

Spinal rami 
Muscular rami 
Deep rámus 

Superfícial cervical artery 

Transverse artery of scapula (O. T. 
suprascapular) 

Acromial rámus 

Costocervical tnmk (O. T. superior 
intercostal) 

Highest intercostal artery (O. T. 
superior intercostal proper) 

Dorsal rami 

Spinal rami 
Deep cervical artery 

Transverse artery of neck (O. T. 
transversalis coUi) 

Ascending rámus 
Descending rámus 

Axillary artery 

Subscapular rami 

Highest thoracic artery (O. T. supe- 
rior thoracic artery) 

Thoraco-acromial artery (O. T. 
acromiothoracic or thoracic azis) 

Acromial rámus 
Acromial rete 
Deltoid rámus 
Pectoral rami 

Laterai thoracic artery (O. T. long 

thoracic) 

Extemal mammary rami 

Subscapular artery 

Thoracodorsal artery 



Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T. 
dorsalis scapulae) 

Anterior circumflex artery of hu- 

merus 

Posterior circumflex artery of hu- 

merus 

Brachial artery 

Deep artery of upper arm (O. T. 
superior profunda) 

Nutrient arteries of the humerus 
Deltoid rámus 
Middle coUateral artery 
Radiál coUateral artery (O. T. articu- 
lar branch of superior profunda) 

Superior ulnar coUateral artery (O. 
T. inferior profunda) 

Inferior ulnar coUateral artery (O. 
T. anastomotica magna) 

Radiál artery 

Radiál recurrent artery 

Muscular rami 

Volar carpal rámus (O. T. anterior 

radiál carpal) 
Superficial volar rámus 
Dorsal carpal rámus (O. T. posterior 

radiál carpal) 
Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior 

carpal rete) 
Dorsal metacarpal arteries (O. T. 

dorsal interosseous arteries) 
Dorsal digital arteries 
Principal artery of thumb 

Radiál volar artery of index-finger 
(O. T. arteria radialis indicis) 
Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmár 

arch) 
Volar metacarpal arteries 
Perforating rami 



65 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. ulnaris 

Aa. recurrentes ulnares 
Rete articulare cubiti 
A. interossea communis 
A. interossea dorsalis 

A. interossea recurrens 

A. interossea volaris 

A. mediána 
Rami musculares 
Rámus carpeus dorsalis 

Rámus carpeus volaris 

Rámus volaris profundus 
Arcus volaris superficialis 

Aa. digitales volares communes 

Aa. digitales volares propriae 

Aorta thoracalis 

Rami viscerales 

Aa. bronchiales 
Aa. oesop&ageae 
Rami pericardiaci 

Rami parietales 

Rami mediastinales 
Aa. phrenicae superiores 

Aa. intercostales 

Rami posteriores 

Rámus spinalis 

Rami musculares 

Rámus cutaneus medialis 

Rámus cutaneus lateralis 
Rami anteriores 

Rami musculares 

Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales 
et abdominales] 



Rámus posterior 
Rámus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 
Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto- 
rales et abdominales] 
Rami mammarii mediales 

Aorta abdominalis 

Rami parietales 

A. phrenica inferior 

Rami suprarenales superiores 

Aa. lumbales 

Rámus dorsalis 
Rámus spinalis 

A. sacralis media 

A. lumbalis ima 
Glomus coccygeum 

Rami viscerales 

A. coeliaca 

A. gastrica sinistra 
Rami oesophagei 
A. hepatica 
A. gastrica dextra 
A. hepatica propria 

Rámus dexter 

A. cystica 

Rámus sinister 
A. gastroduodenalís 

A. pancreaticoduoden. superior 
Rami pancreatici 
Rami duodenales 

A. gastroepiploica dextra 
Rami epiploici 
A. 1 i e n a 1 i s 
Rami pancreatici 
A. gastroepiploica sinistra 
Aa. gastricae breves 
Rami lienales 



Angiology 



6S 



Ulnar artery 

E.ecurrent ulnar arteries 
Articular rete of elbow 
Common interosseous artery 
Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T. 
posterior interosseous) 

Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T. 
posterior interosseous recurrent) 
Volar interosseous artery (O. T. 

anterior interosseous) 
Medián artery 
Muscular rami 
Dorsal carpal rámus (O. T. posterior 

ulnar carpal) 
Yolar carpal rámus (O. T. anterior 

ulnar carpal) 
Deep volar rámus 
Superficial volar arch (O. T. super- 

ficial palmár arch) 
Common volar digital arteries (O. T. 

palmár digital arteries) 
Volar digital arteries proper (O. T. 

coUateral digital arteries) 

Thoracic aorta 

Visceral rami 

Bronchial arteries 
Oesophageal arteries 
Pericardial rami 

Parietal rami 

Mediastinal rami 
Superior phrenic arteries 

Intercostal arteries 

Posterior rami 

Spinal rami 

Muscular rami 

Medial cutaneous rámus 

Lateral cutaneous rámus 
Anterior rami 

Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 



Posterior rámus 
Anterior rámus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Anterior cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 
Medial mammary rami 

Abdominal aorta 

Parietal rami 

Inf erior phrenic artery 

Superior suprarenal rami 

Lumbar arteries 

Dorsal rámus 
Spinal rámus 

Middle sacrai artery 

Lowest lumbar artery 
Coccygeal skein 

Visceral rami 

Coeliac artery 

Left gastric artery 
Oesophageal rami 
Hepatic artery 
Right gastric artery 
Proper hepatic artery 

Right rámus 

Cystic artery 

Left rámus 
Gastroduodenal artery 

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Duodenal rami 

Right gastro-epiploic artery 
Epiploic rami 
Splenic artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Left gastro-epiploic artery 
Short gastric arteries 
Splenic rami 



66 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. mesenterica superior 

Aa. intestinales 
A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior 
Aa. jejunales 
Aa. ileae 

A. ileocolica 

A. appendicularis 
A. colica dextra 
A. coliča media 

A. mesenterica inferior 

A. colica sinistra 

Aa. sigmoideae 

A. haemorrhoidalis superior 

A. suprarenalis media 

A. renalis 
A. suprarenalis inferior 

A. spermatica interna 

A. testicularis 

A. ovarica 

A. iliaca communis 

A. hypogastrica 

Rami parietales 

A. iliolumbalis 

Rámus lumbalis 
Rámus spinalis 
Rámus iliacus 

A. sacralis lateralis 

Rami spinales 

A. obturatoria 

Rámus pubicus 
'Rámus anterior 
Rámus posterior 
A. acetabuli 



A. glutaea superior 

amus superior 
Rámus inferior 

A. glutaea inferior 
A. comitans n. ischiadici 

Rami viscerales 

A. umbilicalis 

Aa. vesicales superiores 
[Ligamentum umbilicale laterale] 

A. vesicalis inferior 
A. deferentialis 

A. uterina 

A. vaginalis 
Rámus ovarii 
Rámus tubarius 

A. haemorrhoidalis media 

A. pudenda interna 

A. haemorrhoidalis inferior 

A. perinei 

Aa. scrotales posteriores 

Aa. labiales posteriores 

A. penis 

A. urethralis 

A. bulbi urethrae 

A. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] 

A. profunda penis 

A. dorsalis penis 

A. clitoridis 

A. profunda clitoridis 

A. dorsalis clitoridis 

A. iliaca extema 
A. epigastrica inferior 

Rámus pubicus 

Rámus obturatorius 
A. spermatica extema 



Angiology 



66 



Superior mesenteric artery 

Intestinal arteries 

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

Jejunal arteries 

Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini 

tenuis) 
Ileocolic artery 

Appendicular artery 
Right colic artery 
Middle colic artery 

Inferior mesenteric artery 

Left colic artery 
Sigmoid arteries 
Superior hemorrhoidal artery 

Middle suprarenal artery (O. T 
middle capstilar artery) 

Renal artery 

Inferior suprarenal artery 

Intemal spermatic artery 

Testicular artery 

Ovarian artery 

Common iliac artery 

Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter- 
na! iliac) 

Parietal rami 

Iliolumbar artery 

Lumbar rámus 
Spinal rámus 
Iliac rámus 

Lateral sacral artery 

Spinal rami 

Obturator artery 

Pubic rámus 
Anterior rámus 
Posterior rámus 
Artery of acetabulum 



Superior gluteal artery 

Superior rámus 
Inferior rámus 

Inferior gluteal artery 

Companion artery of sciatic nerve 
Visceral rami 

Umbilical artery 

Superior vesical arteries 
[Lateral umbilical ligament] 

Inferior vesical artery 
Deferential artery 

Uterine artery 

Vaginal artery 
Ovarian rámus 
Tubal rámus 

Middle hemorrhoidal artery 

Intemal pudendal artery 

Inferior hemorrhoidal artery 

Artery of perineum 

Posterior scrotal arteries 

Posterior labial arteries 

Artery of penis 

Urethral artery 

Artery of the bulb of urethra 

Artery of the vestibular bulb of vagina 

Deep artery of penis 

Dorsal artery of penis 

Artery of clitoris 

Deep artery of clitoris 

Dorsal artery of clitoris 

Extemal iliac artery 

Inferior epigastric artery (O. T. deep 
epigastric) 

Pubic rámus 

Obturator rámus 
External spermatic artery (O. T. 

cremasteric) 



67 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. lig. teretis uteri 

A, circumflexa ilium profunda 

A. femoralis 

A. epigastrica superficialis 

A. circumflexa ilium superficialis 

Aa. pudendae externae 



Aa. scrotales anteriores 

Aa. labiales anteriores 

Rami inguinales 

A. profunda femoris 

A. circumflexa femoris medialis 

Rámus superficialis 
Rámus profundus 
Rámus acetabuli 
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis 

Rámus ascendens 

Rámus descendens 
A. perforans prima 
A. nutritia femoris superior 
A. perforans secunda 
A. perforans tertia 
A. nutritia femoris inferior 
Rami musculares 
A. genu suprema 
Rami musculares 
Rámus saphenus 
Rami articulares 

A. poplitea 

A. genu superior lateralis 

A. genu superior medialis 

A. genu media 

Aa. surales 

A. genu inferior lateralis 



A. genu inferior medialis 

Rete articulare genu 
Rete patellae 

A. tibialis anterior 

(A. recurrens tibialis posterior) 
A. recurrens tibialis anterior 
A. malleolaris anterior lateralis 

A. malleolaris anterior medialis 

Rete malleolare mediale 

Rete malleolare laterale 

A. dorsalis pedis 

A. tarsea lateralis 

Aa. tarseae mediales 

A. arcuata 

Rete dorsale pedis 

Aa. metatarseae dorsales 

Aa. digitales dorsales 

Rámus plantaris profundus 

A. tibialis posterior 

Rámus fibularis 
A. peronaea 
A. nutritia fibulae 
Rámus perforans 

Rámus communicans 

A. malleolaris posterior lateralis 

Rami calcanei laterales 

A. nutritia tibiae 

A. malleolaris posterior medialis 

Rami calcanei mediales 

Rete calcaneum 

A. plantaris medialis 

Rámus profundus 



Angiology 



67 



Artery of round ligament of uterus 

Deep circumflez iliac artery 

Femoral artery 

Superficial epigastric artery 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery 
Extemal pudendal arteries (O. T. 

superficial and deep external pudic 

arteries) 
Anterior scrotal arteries 
Anterior labial arteries 
Inguinal rami 

Deep artery of thigh 
Medial circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. internal circumflex) 

Superficial rámus 

Deep rámus 

Rámus to acetabulum 
Lateral circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. external circumflex) 

Ascending rámus 

Descending rámus 
First perforating artery 
Superior nutrient artery of femur 
Second perforating artery 
Third perforating artery 
Inferior nutrient artery of femur 
Muscular rami 

Highest artery of knee 
Muscular rami 
Saphenous rámus 
Articular rami 

Popliteal artery 

Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T. 

superior extemal articular artery) 
Medial superior artery of knee (O. T. 
• superior internal articular artery) 
Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos 

articular artery) 
Sural arteries, or arteries of calf 
Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T. 

inferior extemal articular artery) 



Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T. 

inferior internal articular artery) 
Arterial network about knee-joint 
Patellar network 

Anterior tibial artery 

Posterior recurrent tibial artery 
Anterior recurrent tibial artery 
Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 

external malleolar) 
Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 

internal malleolar) 
Medial malleolar networř 
Lateral malleolar network 
Dorsal artery of foot 
Lateral tarsal artery 
Medial tarsal arteries 
Arcuate artery 
Dorsal network of foot 
Dorsal metatarsal arteries 
Dorsal digital arteries 
Deep plantar rámus 

Posterior tibial artery 

Fibular rámus 

Peroneal artery 

Nutrient artery of fibula 

Perforating rámus (O. T. anterior 
peroneal) 

Communicating rámus 

Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. posterior peroneal) 

Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter- 
nal calcanean) 

Nutrient artery of tibia 

Medial posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. internal malleolar) 

Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal 
calcanean) 

Network of heel 

Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal 
plantar) 
Deep rámus 



68 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Rámus superficialis 
A. plantaris lateralis 

Arcus plantaris 



Aa. metatarseae plantares 

Rami perforantes 
Aa. digitales plantares 



Venae 



Venae pulmonales 

Vv. pulmonales dextrae 
Vv. pulmongjes sinistrae 

Vv. cordis 

Sinus coronarius 
V. cordis magna 

V. posterior ventriculi sinistri 

V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli] 

Lig. v. cavae sinistrae 

V. cordis media 
V. cordis parva 
Vv. cordis anteriores 
Vv. cordis minimae 

Véna cava superior 

Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra 

Vv. thyreoideae inferiores 
V. thyreoidea ima 
Plexus thyreoideus impar 
V. laryngea inferior 
Vv. thymicae 
Vv. pericardiacae 
Vv. phrenicae superiores 
Vv. mediastinales anteriores 
Vv. bronchiales anteriores 
Vv. tracheales 
Vv. oesophageae 
V. vertebralis 



V. cervicalis profunda 
V. mammaria interna 
Vv. subcutaneae abdominis 
V. epigastrica superior 
V. intercostalis suprema 

V. jugularís interna 

Bulbus venae jugularis superior 

V. canaliculi cochleae 

Bulbus v. jugularis inferior 

Plexus pharyngeus 

Vv. pharyngeae 

Vv. meningeae 

Vv. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 

V. lingualis 

Vv. dorsales linguae 

V. sublingualis 

V. comitans n. hypoglossi 

(Vv. thyreoideae superiores) 

V. sternocleidomastoidea 

V. laryngea superior 

Sinus durae matris 

Sinus transversus 
Confluens sinuum 

Vv. auditivae intemae 
Sinus occipitalis 
Plexus basilaris 
Sinus sagittalis superior 

Sinus sagittalis inferior 



Angiology 



68 



Superficial rámus 
Lateral plantar artery (O. T. external 

plantar) 
Plantar arch 



Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T. 

digital branches) 
Perforating rami 
Plantar digital arteries (O. T. coUat- 

eral digital branches) 



Veins 



Pulmonary veins 

Right pulmonary veins 
Left pulmonary veins 

Veins of heart 

Coronary sinus 

Large vein of heart (O. T. great 

cardiac vein) 
Posterior vein of left ventricle 
Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T. 

oblique vein of Marshall) 
Ligament of left véna cava (O. T. 

vestigial fold of Marshall) 
Middle vein of heart 
Small vein of heart 
Anterior veins of heart 
Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv. 

Thebesii) 

Superior véna cava 

Right and left innominate veins 

Inferior thyreoid veins 
Lowest thyreoid vein 
Unpaired thyreoid plexus 
Inferior laryngeal vein 
Thymic veins 
Pericardiac veins 
Superior phrenic veins 
Anterior mediastinal veins 
Anterior bronchial veins 
Tracheal veins 
Oesophageal veins 
Vertebtal vein 



Deep cervical vein 
Internal mammary vein 
Subcutaneous veins of abdomen 
Superior epigastric vein 
Highest intercostal vein (O. T. left 
superior intercostal vein) 

Internal jugular vein 

Upper bulb of jugular vein 

Vein of canaliculus of cochlea 

Inferior bulb of jugular vein 

Pharyngeal plexus 

Pharyngeal veins 

Meningeal veins 

Veins of the pterygoid canal 

Lingual vein 

Dorsal veins of tongue 

Sublingual vein 

Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve 

Superior thyreoid veins 

Sternocleidomastoid vein 

Superior laryngeal vein 

Sinuses of the důra mater 

Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus) 
Confluence of the sinuses (O. T. 

torcular Herophili) 
Internal auditory veins 
Occipital sinus 

Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus) 
Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior 

longitudinal sinus) 
Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior 

longitudinal sinus) 



69 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sinus rectus 


V. lacrimalis 


Sinus petrosus inferior 


Vv. musculares 


Sinus petrosus superior 


Vv. vorticosae 


Sinus cavernosus 

Sinus intercavernosus anterior 


Vv. ciliares posteriores 
Vv. ciliares anteriores 


Sinus intercavernosus posterior 
Sinus cixcularis 
Sinus sphenoparietalis 


V. centralis retinae 
Vv. episclerales 
Vv. palpebrales 


Venae diploicae 
V. diploica frontalis 


Vv. conjunctivales anteriores 
Vv. conjunctivales posteriores 
V. ophthalmica inferior 



V. diploica temporalis anterior 
V. diploica temporalis posterior 
V. diploica occipitalis 

Emissarium parietale 

Emissarium mastoideum 

Emissarium condyloideum 

Emissarium occipitale 

Rete canalis hypoglossi 

Rete foraminis ovalis 

Plexus venosus caroticus internus 

Venae cerebri 

Vv. cerebri superiores 
V. cerebri media 
Vv. cerebri inferiores 
Vv. cerebelli superiores 
Vv. cerebelli inferiores 
Vv. cerebri intemae 

V. cerebri magna [Galeni] 

V. septi pellucidi 
V. terminalis 

V. basalis [Rosenthali] 

V. chorioidea 

V. ophthalmomeningea 

V. ophthalmica superior 

V. nasofrontalis 

V. ethmoidalis anterior 

V. ethmoidalis posterior 



V. facialis communis 

V. facialis anterior 

V. angularis 

Vv. frontales 

V. supraorbitalis 

V. palpebrales superiores 

V. nasales externae 

V. palpebrales inferiores 

V. labialis superior 

V. labialis inferior 

Vv. massetericae 

Vv. parotideae anteriores 

V. palatina 

V. submentalis 

V. facialis posterior 

Vv. temporales superficiales 
Vv. auriculares anteriores 
Vv. parotideae posteriores 
Vv. articulares mandibulae 
Vv. tympanicae 
V. stylomastoidea 
V. transversa faciei 
V. temporalis media 
Plexus pterygoideus 
Vv. meningeae mediae 
Vv. temporales profundae 
V. thyreoidea superior 

V. jugularis extema 

V. occipitalis 



Angiology 



69 



Stxaight sinus 

Inferior petrosal sinus 

Superior petrosal sinus 

Cavernous sinus 

Anterior intercavemous sinus 

Posterior intercavemous sinus 

Circular sinus 

Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae 

parvae) 
Diploic veins 

Frontal diploic vein 

Anterior temporal diploic vein 

Posterior temporal diploic vein 

Occipital diploic vein 
Parietal emissary 
Mastoid emissary 
Condyloid emissary 
Occipital emissary 
Network of hypoglossal canal 
Network of oval foramen 
Venouš plexus of internal carotid 

Cerebral veins 

Superior cerebral veins 

Middle cerebral vein 

Inferior cerebral veins 

Superior cerebellar veins 

Inferior cerebellar veins 

Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins 
of Galen) 

Large vein of cerebrum (Ó. T. véna 
magna Galeni) 

Vein of septum pellucidum 

Terminál vein (O. T. vein of the cor- 
pus striatum) 

Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein) 

Chorioid vein 

Ophthalmomeningeal vein 

Superior ophthalmic vein 

Nasofrontal vein 
Anterior ethmoidal vein 
Posterior ethmoidal vein 



Lacrimal vein 
Muscular veins 
Vortex veins 
Posterior ciliary veins 
Anterior ciliary veins 
Central vein of retina 
Episcleral veins 
Palpebral veins 
Anterior conjunctival veins 
Posterior conjunctival veins 
Inferior ophthalmic vein 

Common facial vein 

Anterior facial vein 

Angular vein 
Frontal veins 
Supraorbital vein 
Superior palpebral veins 
Extemal nasál veins 
Inferior palpebral veins 
Vein of upper lip 
Vein of lower lip 
Masseteric veins 
Anterior parotid veins 
Palatine vein 
Submental vein 

Posterior facial vein 

Superficial temporal veins 
Anterior auricular veins 
Posterior parotid veins 
Articular mandibular veins 
Tympanic veins 
Stylomastoid vein 
Transverse vein of face 
Middle temporal vein 
Pterygoid plexus 
Middle meningeal veins 
Deep temporal veins 
Superior thyreoid vein 

External jugular vein 

Occipital vein 



70 

V. auricularis posterior 
V. jugularis anterior 
Arcus venosus juguli 
(V. mediána colli) 
V. transversa scapulae 



V. subclavia 

V. thoracoacromialis 

Vv. transversae colli 

V. axillaris 
V. thoracalis lateralis 

Vv. costoaxillares 

Vv. thoracoepigastricae 

Plexus venosus mamillae 

Vv. brachiales 

Vv. radiales 

Vv. ulnares 

V. cephalica 

V. cephalica accessoria 
V. basilica 
V. mediána cubiti 

(V. mediána antibrachii) 

(V. mediána basilica) 

(V. mediána cephalica) 
Rete venosum dorsale manus 
Vv. intercapitulares 
Arcus volaris venosus superficialis 
Arcus volaris venosus profundus 
Vv. digitales volares communes 
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales 
Vv. metacarpeae volares 
Vv. digitales volares propriae 
Arcus venosi digitales 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



V, azygos 



V. hemiazygos 



V. hemiazygos accessoria 

Vv. intercostales 

Rámus dorsalis 

Rámus spinalis 
Vv. oesophageae 
Vv. bronchiales posteriores 
V. lumbalis ascendens 
Vv. basivertebrales 
Plexus venosi vertebrales externí 

Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores 

Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores 
Plexus venosi vertebrales intemi 

Retia venosa vertebrarum 
Sinus vertebrales longitudinales 
Vv. intervertebrales 
Vv. spinales externae anteriores 
Vv. spinales externae posteriores 
Vv. spinales internae 

V. cava inferior 

Radices parietales 

V. phrenica inferior 
Vv. lumbales 

Radices viscerales 

Vv. hepaticae 

Vv. renales 

Vv. suprarenales 

V. spermatica: 

V. testicularis 

V. ovarica 

Plexus pampiniformis 

Véna portae 

V. coronaria ventriculi 
V. mesenterica superior 

Vv. intestinales 

V. gastroepiploica dextra 

Vv. pancreaticae 

V. ileocolica 

Vv. colicae dextrae 

V. colica media 

Vv. pancreaticoduodenales 



Angiology 



70 



Posterior auricular vein 
Anterior jugular vein 
Venouš jugular arch 
Medián vein of neck 
Transverse vein of scapula (O. T. 
suprascapular vein) 

Subclavian vein 

Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro- 
miothoracic, oř thoracic axis) 

Transverse veins of neck (O. T. 
transversalis coUi) 

Axillary vein 

Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long 

thoracic) 
Costo-axillary veins 
Thoraco-epigastric veins 
Venouš plexus of mammary gland 
Brachial veins 
Radiál veins 
Ulnar veins 
Cephalic vein 

Accessory cephalic vein 
Basilic vein 
Medián vein of elbow 

Medián vein of forearm 

Medián basilic vein 

Medián cephalic vein 
Dorsal venous network of hand 
Intercapitular veins 
Superficial venous volar arch 
Deep venous volar arch 
Common volar digital veins 
Dorsal metacarpal veins 
Volar metacarpal veins 
Volar digital veins proper 
Venous arches of digits 

Azygos vein (O, T. véna azygos 

major) 

Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos 
minor inferior) 



Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. 

azygos minor superior) 
Intercostal veins 

Dorsal rámus 

Spinal rámus 
Oesophageal veins 
Posterior bronchial veins 
Ascending lumbar vein 
Basivertebral veins 
External vertebral venous plexuses 

Anterior vertebral venous plexuses 

Posterior vertebral venous plexuses 
Internal vertebral venous plexuses 

Venous networks of the vertebrae 
Longitudinal vertebral sinuses 
Intervertebral veins 
Anterior external spinal veins 
Posterior external spinal veins 
Internal spinal veins 

Inferior véna cava 

Parietal radicals 

Inferior phrenic vein 
Lumbar veins 

Visceral radicals 

Hepatic veins 
Renal veins 
Suprarenal veins 
Spermatic vein 
Testicular vein 
Ovarian vein 
Pampiniform plexus 

Portál vein 

Coronary vein of stomach 
Superior mesenteric vein 

Intestinal veins 

Right gastro-epiploic vein 

Pancreatic veins 

Ileocolic vein 

Right colic veins 

Middle colic vein 

Pancreaticoduodenal veins 



71 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Vv. duodenales 
V. mesenterica inferior 

V. colica sinistra 

Vv. sigmoideae 

V. haemorrhoidalis superior 
V. lienalis 

Vv. gastricae breves 

V. gastroepiploica sinistra 

V. cystica 
Véna umbUicalis 
Ducttís venosus [AratUit] 
Vv. parumbilicales [Sappeyi] 

Véna iliaca communis 

V. sacralis media 

V. hjTpogastrica 

Vv. glutaeae superiores 

Vv. glutaeae inferiores 

Vv. obturatoriae 

Vv. sacrales laterales 

V. iliolumbalis 

Plexus sacralis anterior 

Plexus haemorrhoidalis 

Plexus vesicalis 

Plexus pudendalis 

V. dorsalis penis 

Vv. profundae penis 

V. dorsalis clitoridis 

Vv. profundae clitoridis 

Vv. uterinae 

Plexus uterovaginalis 

V. haemorrhoidalis media 

Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores 

Vv. scrotales posteriores 



V. iliaca extema 

V. epigastrica inferior 

V. circutnflexa ilium profunda 

V. femoralis 

Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae 

Vv. scrotales anteriores 

Vv. pudendae externae 

V. epigastrica superficialis 

V. saphena magna 

V. saphena accessoría 

V. circumflexa ilium superficialis 

Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales 

Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales 

Vv. comitantes 

Vv. profundae femoris 

Vv. perforantes 

V. saphena parva 

V. femoropoplitea ' 
Vv. peronaeae 
Vv. popliteae 
Vv. tibiales posteriores 
Vv. tibiales anteriores 
Rete venosum dorsale pedis 
Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis 
Vv. digitales communes pedis 
Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis 
Vv. intercapitulares 
Rete venosum plantare 
Arcus venosus plantaris 
Vv. metatarseae plantares 
Vv. digitales pedis dorsales 
Vv. digitales plantares 



Systema lymphaticum 



Vasa lymphatica 

Vasa lymphatica superficialia 



Vasa lymphatica profunda 
Truncus jugularis 



Angiology 



71 



Duodenal veins 
Inferior mesenteric vein 

Left colic vein 

Sigmoid veins 

Superior hemorrhoidal vein 
Splenic vein 

Short gastric veins 

Left gastro-epiploic vein 

Cystic vein 
Umbilical vein 
Venoiís duet of Arantius 
Paraumbilical veins 

Common iliac vein 

Middle sacral vein 

Hypogastric vein (O. T. interna! 
iliac vein) 

Superior gluteal veins 
Inferior gluteal veins 
Obturator veins 
Lateral sacral veins 
Iliolumbar vein 
Anterior sacral plexus 
Hemorrhoidal plexus 
Vesical plexus 
Pundendal plexus 
Dorsal vein of penis 
Deep veins of penis 
Dorsal veins of clitoris 
Deep veins of clitoris 
Uterine veins 
Uterovaginal plexus 
Middle hemorrhoidal vein 
Inferior hemorrhoidal veins 
Posterior scrotal veins 



Extemal iliac veins 

Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep 

epigastric) 
Deep circumflex iliac vein 
Femoral vein 

Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis 
Anterior scrotal veins 
Extemal pundenal veins 
Superficial epigastric veins 
Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal 

saphenous) 
Accessory saphenous vein 
Superficial circumflex iliac vein 
Medial circumflex veins of thigh 
Lateral circumflex veins of thigh 
Accompanying veins 
Deep veins of thigh 
Perforating veins 

Small saphenous vein (O. T. external 
saphenous vein) 

Femoropopliteal vein 
Peroneal veins 
Popliteal veins 
Posterior tibial veins 
Anterior tibial veins 
Dorsal venous network of foot 
Dorsal venous arch of foot 
Common digital veins of foot 
Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot 
Intercapitular veins 
Plantar venous network 
Plantar venous arch 
Plantar metatarsal veins 
Dorsal digital veins of foot 
Plantar digital veins 



Lymphatic systém 



Lymphatic vessels 

Superficial lymphatic vessel 



Deep lymphatic vessel 
Jugular trunk 



72 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Truncus subclavius 


Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 


Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter 




* intercostales 


Ductus lymphaticus dexter 




* mediastinales posteriores 




Ductus thoracicus 




' mediastinales anteriores 
* sternales 


Trunci lumbales 




' iliacae 


Truncus intestinalis 




* lumbales 


Cisterna chyli 




* coeliacae 








* gastricae superiores 


Lymphoglandulae 

Vasa afferentia 

• 

Vasa efferentia 




* gastricae inferiores 

* hepaticae 

* pancreaticolienales 

* mesentericae 


Substantia corticalis 




* mesocolicae 


Substantia meduUaris 
Hilus 




* hypogastricae 

* sacrales 


Lymphoglandulae occipitales 




* inguinales 


tt 

n 
n 


auriculares posteriores 

auriculares anteriores 

submaxillares 

faciales profundae 

parotideae 

cervicales superficiales 


(Ly 


* subinguinales superficiales 

* subinguinales profundae 

* popliteae 
mphoglandula tibialis anterior) 

Plexus lymphatici 


it 


cervicales profundae superiores 


Plexus jugularis 


n 


cervicales profundae inferiores 


Plexus axillaris 


n 


linguales 


Plexus mammarius 


ií 


axillares 


Plexus lumbalis 


a 


subscapularec 


Plexus aorticus 


n 


pectorales 


Plexus sacralis medius 


tc 


epigastricae 


Plexus hypogastricus 


(( 


cubitales superficiales 


Plexus coeliacus 


<( 


cubitales profundae 


Plexus iliacus extemus 


« 


tracheales 


Pleí 


cus inguinalis 



Angiology 



72 



Subclavian trunk 

Right bronchomediastinal trunk 

Right lymphatic trunk 

Thoracic duet 

Lumbar trunks 
Intestinal trunk 

Chyle-cistem (O. T. receptaculum 
chyli) 

Lymph glands 

Afferent vessels 
Efferent vessels 
Cortical substance 
MeduUary substance 
Hilus 

Occipital lymph glands 
Posterior auricular lymph glands 
Anterior auricular lymph glands 
Submaxillary lymph glands 
Deep facial lymph glands 
Parotid lymph glands 
Superficial cervical lymph glands 
TJpper deep cervical lymph glands 
Lower deep cervical lymph glands 
Lingual lymph glands 
Axillary lymph glands 
Subscapular lymph glands 
Pectoral lymph glands 
Epigastric lymph glands 
Superficial lymph glands of elbow 
Deep lymph glands of elbow 
Tracheal lymph glands 



Bronchial lymph glands 
Intercostal lymph glands 
Posterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Anterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Sternal lymph glands 
Iliac lymph glands 
Lumbar lymph glands 
Coeliac lymph glands 
Superior gastric lymph glands 
Inferior gastric lymph glands 
Hepatic lymph glands 
Pancreaticolienal lymph glands 
Mesenteric lymph glands 
Mesocolic lymph glands 
Hypogastric lymph glands 
Sacral lymph glands 
Inguinal lymph glands 
Superficial subinguinal lymph glands 
Deep subinguinal lymph glands 
Popliteal lymph glands 
Anterior tibial lymph glands 

Lymphatic plexuses 

Jugular plexus 
Axillary plexus 
Mammary plexus 
Lumbar plexus 
Aortic plexus 
Middle sacral plexus 
Hypogastric plexus 
Coeliac plexus 
External iliac plexus 
Inguinal plexus 



73 



Anaxomical Nomenclaxure 



Neurolo^ía 



Nervus 
Ganglion 
Substantia alba 
Substantia grisea 

Substantia gelatinosa 
Taenia telarum 
Ependyma ventriculorum 
Sukus limitans ventriculorum 
Nuclei nervorum cerebralium 



Nuclei originis 

Nuclei terminales 
Rámus communicans 
Rámus anastomoticus 
Rámus muscularis 
Nervus cutaneus 
Nervus articularis 
Plexus nervorum spinalium 



Systema nervorum centrále 



MeduUa spinalis 

Pars cervicalis 
Intumescentia cervicalis 
Pars thoracalis 
Pars lumbalis 
Intumescentia lumbalis 
Conus medullaris 
Filům terminále 
Ventriculus terminalis 
Fissura mediána anterior 
Sulcus medianus posterior 
Sukus lateralis anterior 
Sukus lateralis posterior 
Sulcus intermedius posterior 

(Sulcus intermedius anterior) 
Funiculi meduUae spinalis 

Funiculus anterior 

Funiculus lateralis 

Funiculus posterior 



Sectiones meduUae spinalis 

Canalis centralis 
Substantia grisea centralis 
Commissura anterior alba 
Commissura anterior grisea 
Commissura posterior 
Columnae griseae: 
Columna anterior 
Columna lateralis 
Columna posterior 

Cervix columnae posterioris 
Apex columnae posterioris 
Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi] 
Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, ClarkiiJ 

Formatio reticularis 
Funiculus anterior 

Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior 
[pyramidalis anterior] 



Neurology 



73 



Neurology 



Nerve 
Ganglion 
White matter 
Oray matter 

Gelatinous substance 
Band of the telae ("web") 
Ependyma ("coveť') of ventricles 
X.imiting sulcus of the ventricules 
Nuclei of the cerebral nerveš 



Nuclei of origin 

End-nuclei 
Communicating rámus 
Anastomotic rámus 
Muscular rámus 
Cutaneous nerve 
Articular nerve 
Plexus of spinal nerveš 



Central nervous systém 



Spinal cord 

Cervical portion 

Cervical enlargement 

Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part) 

Lumbar portion 

Lumbar enlargement 

MeduUary cone 

Terminál thread 

(Swelling due to) terminál ventricle 

Anterior medián fissure 

Posterior medián sulcus 

Anterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T. 

paramedian furrow) 
Anterior intermediate sulcus 
Funiculi of spinal cord 

Anterior funiculus 

Lateral funiculus 

Posterior funiculus 



Transverse sections of the spinal cord 
Central canal 
Central gray matter 
Anterior white commissure 
Anterior gray commissure 
Posterior commissure 
Gray columns 

Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn) 
Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn) 
Posterior column (O. T. posterior 
horn) 
Neck of posterior column 
Apex of posterior column 
Gelatinous substance of Rolando 
Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark's col- 
umn) 
Reticular formation 
Anterior funiculus 

Anterior cerebrospinal or p)n'ami- 
dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr- 
amidal tract) 



74 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech- 

sigi] 
Funiculus lateralis 

Fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis 

[pyramidalis lateralis] 

Fasciculus cerebellospinalis 



Fasciculus anterolateralis super- 

ficialis [Gowersi] 
Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech- 

sigi] 
Funiculus posterior 
Fasciculus gracilis [GoUi] 

Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi] 



Encephalon 

Rhombencephalon 



Myelencephalon 

Medulla oblongata 

Fissura mediána posterior 

Fissura mediána anterior 

Foramen caecum 

Pyramis [meduUae oblongatae] 

Decussatio pyramidům 

Sukus lateralis anterior 

Sukus lateralis posterior 

Oliva 

Corpus restiforme 

Funiculus lateralis 
Funiculus cuneatus 

Tuberculum cinereum 
Funiculus gracilis 

Clava 
Fibrae arcuatae externae 

Sectiones meduUae oblongatae 

Raphe 

Stratům nucleare 
Nucleus n. hypoglossi 
Nucleus ambiguus 
Nucleus alae cinereae 



Tractus solitarius 

Nucleus tractus solitarii 
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus funiculi gracilis 

Nucleus funiculi cuneati 

Nuclei laterales 

Nucleus olivaris inferior 

Hilus nuclei olivaris 

Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis 

Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis 

Nuclei arcuati 

Fibrae arcuatae internae 

Substantia reticularis grisea 

Substantia reticularis alba 

Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Stratům interolivare lemnisci 
Decussatio lemniscorum 



Corpus restiforme 



Neurology 



74 



Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T. 
anterior ground bundle) 
Lateral funiculus 

Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal 
fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami- 
dal tract) 

Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T. 
direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig) 



Superficial anterolateral fasciculus 

(O. T. Gowers' tract) 
Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T. 

lateral ground bundle) 
Posterior funiculus 

Slender fasciculus (O. T. column 

or tract of Goll) 
Wedge-shaped fasciculus (O. T. 

column or tract of Burdach) 



Braín 

Lozenge-shaped brain 



MeduUary or af ter-brain 

Oblong medulla 

Posterior medián fissure 

Anterior medián fissure 

Blind foramen 

Pyramid of medulla oblongata 

Decussation of pyramids 

Anterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior lateral sulcus 

Olivě (O. T. olivary eminence) 

Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere- 
bellar peduncle) 

Lateral funiculus 

Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of 
Burdach) 

Gray or ashen tubercle 

Slender funiculus (O. T. column of 
Goll) 
Club 

External arcuate fibres (O. T. super- 
ficial arcuate fibres 

Transverse sections of medulla 
oblongata 
Medián raphe 
Nuclear layer 

Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve 
Ambiguous nucleus 
Nucleus of ala cinerea 



Solitary tract (O. T. respiratory 

bundle) 
Nucleus of solitary tract 
Spinal tract of trigeminal ner\'e (O. T. 

ascending root of trigeminal nerve) 
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 

nerve 
Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T. 

nucleus of GolPs column) 
Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus 

(O. T. nucleus of Burdach^s column) 
Lateral nuclei 
Inferior olivary nucleus 
Hilus of olivary nucleus 
Medial accessory olivary nucleus 
Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus 
Arcuate nuclei 
Internal arcuate fibres 
Gray reticular substance 
White reticular substance 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 

posterior longitudinal bundle) 
Interolivary layer of lemniscus 
Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O. 

T. sensory decussation of medulla 

oblongata) 
Restiform body (O. T. inferior 

cerebellar peduncle) 



75 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculi corporis restiformis 
Fibrae cerebelloolivares 
Fasciculi pyramidales 
Fibrae arcuatae externae 

Ventriculus quartus 

Fossa rhomboidea 

Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae 

[Calamus scriptorius] 
Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae 

Recessus lateralis fossae rhom- 
boideae 
Pars superior fossae rhomboideae 
Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae] 

Fovea inferior 

Fovea superior 
Trigonum n/ hypoglossi 
Striae meduUares 
Eminentia medialis 

Colliculus facialis 
Ala cinerea 
Area acustica 

Locus caeruleus 
Tegmen ventriculi quarti 
Velům medullare posterius 
Taenia ventriculi quarti 



Obex 
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
(Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti 

[Foramen Magendii]) 
(Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti) 
Fastigium 

Metencephalon 

P o n s [Varolii] 

Sulcus basilaris 
Fasciculus obliquus [pontis] 
(Fila lateralia pontis) 
Brachium pontis 



Sectiones pontis 

Pars dorsalis pontis 

Raphe 

Nucleus n. abducentis 

Niiclei motorii n. trigemini 

Radix descendens [mesencephalicá] 

n. trigemini 
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus n. facialis 
Radix n. facialis 

Pars prima 

Genu [intemum] 

Pars secunda 
Nuclei n. acustici 

Nuclei n. cochlearis 

Nuclei n. vestibularis 
Nucleus olivaris superior 
Nucleus lemnisci lateralis 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Formatio reticularis 

Corpus trapezoideum 

Lemniscus 
Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus] 
Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus] 

Pars basilaris pontis 

Fibrae pontis profundae 

Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales] 

Nuclei pontis 

Fibrae pontis superficiales 

Cerebellum 

Gyri cerebelli 
Sulci cerebelli 
Vallecula cerebelli 
Incisura cerebelli anterior 

Incisura cerebelli posterior 



Neurology 



75 



Fasciculi of restiform body 
Cerebello-olivary fibres 
P)Tamidal fasciculi 
External arcuate fibres 

Fourth ventricle 

Rhomboid fossa 

Inferior part of rhomboid fossa 

Writing pen 
Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa 

Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa 

Superior part of rhomboid fossa 
Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa 

Inferior pit 

Superior pit 
Trigone of hypoglossal nerve 
MeduUary striae 
Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia 

teres) 
Facial hillock 

Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi) 
Acoustic area (O. T. trigonum 

acustici) 
Blue pláce 

Roof of fourth ventricle 
Posterior meduUary velům 
Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction 
of epithelial part of roof with 
compact nerve substance 

Bar 
Epithelial chorioid layer 
Medián apertuře of fourth ventricle 

(foramen of Magendie) 
Lateral apertuře of fourth ventricle 
Fastigium: "summit of roof" 

Hind-brain 

Pons ("bridge") Varolii 

Basilar groove 
Oblique bundle of pons 
Lateral fibres of pons 
Brachium (" arm") of pons . 



Sections of the pons 

Dorsal part of pons 

Medián raphe 

Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O. T. 

nucleus of sixth nerve) 
Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve 
Descending or mesencephalic root of 

trigeminal nerve 
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 

nerve 
Nucleus of facial nerve 
Root of facial nerve 

First part 

Internal knee 

Second part 
Nuclei of acoustic nerve (O. T. 
auditory nucleus) 

Nuclei of cochlear nerve 

Nuclei of vestibular nerve 
Superior olivary nucleus 
Nucleus of lateral lemniscus 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 

posterior longitudinal bundle) 
Reticular formation 
Trapezoid body 
Fillet or lemniscus 

Medial (sensory) fillet 

Lateral (acoustic) fillet 
Basilar part of pons 
Deep fibres of pons 
Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi 
Nuclei of pons 
Superficial fibres of pons 

Cerebellum, or small brain 

Convolutions of cerebellum 

Sulci of cerebellum 

Cerebellar vallecula 

Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 

semilunar notch) 
Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 

marsupial notch) 



76 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli 

Fissura transversa cerebelli 
V e rm i s 
Lingula cerebelli 

Vincula lingulae cerebelli 
Lobulus centralis 
Monticulus 

Culmen 

Declive 
Foliům vermis 

Tuber vermis 

Pyramis [vermis] 

Uvula [vermis] 

Nodulus 

Hemisphaerium cerebelli 

Facies superior 
Ala lobuli centralis 
Lobulus quadrangularis 

Pars anterior 
Pars posterior 
Lobulus semilunaris superior 

Facies inferior 
Lobulus semilunaris inferior 

Lobulus gracilis 
Lobulus biventer 
Tonsilla cerebelli 
Flocculus 

(Flocculi secondarii) 
Pedunculus flocculi 
Nidus avis 



Sectiones cerebelli 

Corpus medullare 
Laminae medullares 
Arbor vitae 
Substantia corticalis 

[Lamina basalis] 

[Stratům cinereum] 

[Stratům gangliosum] 

[Stratům granulosum] 
Nucleus dentatus 
Hilus nuclei dentati 
Nucleus fastigii 
Nucleus globosus 
Nucleus emboliformis 

Capsula nuclei dentati 

Isthmus rhombencephali 

Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli] 



Lemniscus 

Lemniscus lateralis 

Lemniscus medialis 

Trigonum lemnisci 
Velům medullare anterius 

Frenuliun veli medullaris anterioris 

Sectiones isthmi 

[vide Pedunculus cerebri] 

Ganglion interpedunculare 
Nucleus n. trochlearis 



Cerebrum 



Facies convexa cerebri 
Facies medialis cerebri 
Basis cerebri 



Mesencephalon 

[Facies inferior] 
Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini] 



Neurology 



76 



Horizontál sukus of cerebellum (O. T. 

great horizontál fissure) 
Transverse fissure of cerebellum 
Vermis ("worm") 
Lingua (" tongue ") of cerebellum 

Vincula of the lingua 
Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis) 
Monticulus ("little mountain") 

Culmen ("summit") 

Declive (" slope or descent ") 
Foliům of vermis ("leaflet of worm") 

(O. T. foliům cacuminis) 
Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus) 
Pjnramid of vermis 
Uvula of vermis 
Nodule 

Hemisphere of cerebellum 
Superior surface 

Wing of centrál lobule 

Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad- 
rate lobule) 

Anterior part 

Posterior part 

Superior semilunar lobule (O. T. 
posterior crescentic lobule) 
Inferior surface 

Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos- 
tero-inferior lobule) 

Slender lobule 

Biventral lobule 

Tonsil of cerebellum 

Flocculus (" wool-tuf t-like body") 

Secondary flocculi 

Peduncle of flocculus 
Nidus avis (" birďs nést ") 



Sections of cerebellum 

MeduUary body 
MeduUary laminae 
Arbor vitae (" tree of life ") 
Cortical substance 

Basal lamina 

Gray layer 

Ganglion-cell layer 

Granular layer 
Dentate nucleus 
Hilus of dentate nucleus 
Nucleus of fa^tigium ("roof ") 
Spherical nucleus 
Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or 

Plug) 
Capsule of dentate nucleus 

Isthmus of rhombencephalon 

Brachium conjunctivum (" connecting 

arm") of cerebellum (O. T. superior 

cerebellar peduncle) 
Fillet or ribbon 

Lateral fillet 

Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil) 

Trigone of fillet 
Anterior medullary velům (O. T. valve 

of Vieussens) 
Frenulum (" check-rein ") of anterior 

medullary velům) 

Sections of isthmus 

[See Cerebral peduncle] 

Interpeduncular ganglion 
Nucleus of trochlear nerve 



Cerebrum (large brain) 



Convex surface of cerebrum 
Medial surface of cerebrum 
Base of cerebrum 



Midbrain 

Inferior surface 
Interpeduncular fossa 



77 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Recessus anterior 
Recessus posterior 
Substantia perforata posterior 

Pedunculus cerebri 
Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii] 

Sulcus lateralis 
Sukus n. oculomotorii 

Sectiones pedunculi cerebri 

Tegmentum 
Stratům griseum centraíe 
Formatio reticularis 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Radix descendens n. trigemini 
Nucleus radieis descendentis n. tri- 
gemini 
Nucleus n. oculomotorii 

Nuclei tegmenti 

Nucleus ruber 
Decussationes tegmentorum 

Decussatio brachii conjunctivi 

Lemniscus lateralis 
Lemniscus medialis 
Substantia nigra 
Basis pedunculi 

Corpora quadrigemina 

Lamina quadrigemina 
CoUiculus superior 

CoUiculus inferior 

Brachium quadrigeminum superius 
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius 

Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum 

Stratům zonale 

Stratům griseum coUiculi superioris 



Nucleus colliculi inferioris 
Stratům album profundum 

Prosencephalon 

Diencephalon 

Ventriculus tertius 
Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri 

Commissura posterior [cerebri] 
Foramen interventriculare [Monroi] 
Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi] 
Massa intermedia 

Recessus opticus 
Recessus infundibuli 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 
Recessus triangularis 

H3rpothalamus 
Pars mamillaris hypothalami 

Corpus mamillare 

Pars optica hypothalami 

Tuber cinereum 

Infundibulum 

Hypophysis 

Lobus anterior 

Lobus posterior 
Tractus opticus 

Radix medialis 

Radix lateralis 
Chiasma opticum 
Lamina terminalis 

Sectiones hypothalami 

Nucleus hypothalamicus [Corpus 

Luysi] 
Pars grisea hypothalami 
Commissura superior [Meynerti] 
Commissura inferior [Guddeni] 
Nuclei corporis mamillaris 



Neurology 



77 



Anterior recess 
Posterior recess 
Posterior perforated substance 

P e d u n c 1 e of cerebrum 
(O. T. crus cerebri) 

Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e 

tertio ad quartum ventriculum) 
Lateral sulcus 
Sulcus of oculomotor nerve 

Sections of cerebral peduncle 

Tegmentum ("cover") 

Central gray layer 

Reticular formation 

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T 
posterior longitudinal bundle) 

Descending root of trigeminal nerve 

Nucleus of descending root of trigemi- 
nal nerve 

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu- 
cleus of III. nerve) 

Nuclei of tegmentum 
Red nucleus 

Decussations of tegmenta 
Decussation of brachium conjunc- 
tivum 

Lateral fiUet 

Medial fillet 

Black substance 

Base of peduncle 

Quadrigeminal bodies (O. 
T. optic lobes) 

Quadrigeminal layer 

Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body 

or nates) 
Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body 

or testis) 
Superior quadrigeminal brachium 
Inferior quadrigeminal brachium 

Sections of quadrigeminal bodies 

Zonal layer 

Gray layer of superior coUiculus 



Nucleus of inferior colliculus 
Deep white layer 

Forebrain 
Interbrain 

Third ventricle 

Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere- 
brum 

Posterior commissure of the cerebrum 

Interventricular foramen of Monroe 

Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe 

Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or 
soft, or gray, commissure) 

Optic recess 

Recess of infundibulum 

Anterior commissure of cerebrum 

Triangular recess 

H3rpothalamus (O. T. subthalamic 

region) 

Mammillary part of hy- 

pothalamus 
Mammillary body 
Optic part of hypothala- 

mus 
Tuber cinereum (" ash-like tuber ") 
Infundibulum (" funnel ") 
Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body) 

Anterior lobe 

Posterior lobe 
Optic tract 

Medial root 

Lateral root 
Optic chiasm 
Terminál lamina 

Sections of hypothalamus 

Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy's body 

(O. T. subthalamic nucleus) 
Gray part of hypothalamus 
Superior commissure of Meynert 
Inferior commissure of v. Gudden 
Nuclei of mammillary body 



78 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq' 

ďAzyri] 
Fasciculi pedunculomamillares 

Pars tegmentalis 

Pars basilaris 
Ansa peduncularis 

Ansa lenticularis 

Pedunculus thalarai inferior 

Thalamencephalon 

Thalamus 

Pulvinar 

Tuberculum anterius thalami 

Taenia thalami 

Stria medullaris 

Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
Metathalamus 
Corpus geniculatum mediale 

Corpus geniculatum laterale 

Epithalamus 
Corpus pineale 

Recessus pinealis 
Recessus suprapinealis 
Habenula 

Commissura habenularum 
Trigonum habenulae 

Sectiones thalamencephali 

Stratům zonale 
Nucleus anterior thalami 
Nucleus medialis thalami 
Nucleus lateralis thalami 
Laminae medullares thalami 
Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis 
Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis 
Nucleus habenulae 
Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti] 



Telencephalon 
Hemisphaerium 

P allium 

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri 
Fissura transversa cerebri 
Gyri cerebri 

Gyri profundi 

Gyri transitivi 

Sulci cerebri 

Impressio petrosa 

Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 

Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 

Rámus posterior 

Rámus anterior ascendens 

Rámus anterior horizontalis 

Lobi cerebri 

I n s u 1 a 

Gyri insulae 
Gyrus longus insulae 
Gyri breves insulae 
Sukus circularis [Reili] 

Operculum 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 
Sukus centralis [Rolandi] 

Gyrus centralis anterior 
Gyrus centralis posterior 
Lobus frontalis 
Polus frontalis 
Sukus praecentralis 
Gyrus frontalis superior 
Sukus frontalis superior 
Gyrus frontalis medius 

Pars superior 

Pars inferior 
Sukus frontalis inferior 



Neurology 



78 



Thalamomammillary fasciculus (O. 

T. bundle of Vicq ďAzyr) 
Pedunculomammillary fasciculi 

Tegmental part 

Basilar part 
Peduncular loop 

Lenticular loop 

Inferior peduncle of thalamus 

Thalamic brain 

ThalamusC^bed") (O. T. op- 
tic thalamus) 

Pulvinar ("cushion'*) 

Anterior tubercle of thalamus 

Thalamic taenia 

MeduUary stria (O. T. stria fprnicis oř 

stria pinealis) 
Epithelial chorioid layer 

Metathalamus 

Medial geniculate body (O. T. intemal 

geniculate body) 
Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter- 

nal geniculate body) 

Epithalamus 

Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or 

epiphysis cerebri) 
Pineal recess 
Suprapineal recess 
Habenula ("strap") (O. T. peduncle 

of the pineal body) 
Commissure of the habenula 
Trigone of the habenula 

Sections of the thalamic brain 

Zonal layer 

Anterior nucleus of thalamus 
Medial nucleus of thalamus 
Lateral nucleus of thalamus 
Medullary layers of thalamus 
Nucleus of medial geniculate body 
Nucleus of lateral geniculate body 
Nucleus of habenula 
Retroflex fasciculus 



End-brain 

Hemisphere 

Brain mantle 

Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum 
Transverse fissure of cerebrum 
Convolutions of cerebrum 

Deep convolutions 

Transitional convolutions (O. T. an- 
nectant gyri) 
Grooves of cerebrum 
Petrosal impression 
Lateral fossa of cerebrum 
Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T. 
fissure of Sylvius) 

Posterior rámus 

Ascending anterior rámus 

Horizontál anterior rámus 
Lobes of cerebrum 
Island (O. T. island o f 

Reil, or centrál lobe) 
Convolutions of island 
Long convolution of island 
Short convolutions of island 
Circular sukus of Reil (O. T. limiting 

sulcus of Reil) 
Operculum ("covér") 

Frontal part 

Parietal part 

Temporal part 
Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis- 
sure of Rolando) 
Anterior centrál convolution 
Posterior centrál convolution 
Frontal lobe 
Frontal pole 
Precentral sulcus 
Superior frontal convolution 
Superior frontal sulcus 
Middle frontal convolution 

Superior part 

Inferior part 
Inferior frontal sulcus 



79 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Gyrus frontalis inferior 

Pars opercularis 

Pars triangularis 

Pars orbitalis 
Gyrus rectus 
Sulcus olfactorius 
Gyri orbitales 
Sulci orbitales 
Lobus temporalis 
Polus temporalis 
Sulci temporales transversi 
Gyri temporales transversi 
Gyrus temporalis superior 

Sulcus temporalis superior 

Gyrus temporalis medius 

Sulcus temporalis medius 

Gyrus temporalis inferior 

Sulcus temporalis inferior 

Fissura collateralis 
Gyrus fusiformis 

Gyrus lingualis 

Lobus occipitalis 

Polus occipitalis 

Sulcus occipitalis transversus 

Gyri occipitales superiores 

Sulci occipitales superiores 

Gyri occipitales laterales 

Sulci occipitales laterales 

Lobus parietalis 

Lobulus parietalis superior 

Sulcus interparietalis 

Lobulus parietalis inferior 
Gyrus supramarginalis 
Gyrus angularis 



Facies medialis hemisphaerii 

Sulcus corporis callosi 

Sulcus cinguli 

Pars subfrontalis 

Pars marginalis 
Sulcus subparietalis 
Fissura hippocampi 

Gyrus fomicatus 

Gyrus cinguli 



Isthmus gyri fomicati 
Gyrus hippocampi 

Uncus [gyri hippocampi] 
Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi] 
Lobulus paracentralis 
Praecuneus 

Fissura parietooccipitalis 
Fissura calcarina 
Cuneus 

Corpus callosum 

Splenium corporis callosi 

Truncus corporis callosi 
Genu corporis callosi 
Rostrum corporis callosi 

Lamina rostralis 
Striae transversae 
Stria longitudinalis medialis 
Stria longitudinalis lateralis 
Fasciola cinerea 



F o r n i X 



Crus fornicis 



Neurology 



79 



Inferior frontal convolution 

Opercular part 

Triangular part 

Orbital part 
Straight convolution 
Olfactory sulcus 
Orbital convolutions 
Orbital sulci 
Temporal lobe 
Temporal pole 
Transverse temporal sulci 
Transverse temporal convolutions ^ 
Superior temporal convolution (O. T. 

first temporal gyrus) 
Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral- 

lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus) 
Middle temporal convolution (O. T. 

second temporal gyrus) 
Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second 

temporal sulcus) 
Inferior temporal convolution (O. T. 

third temporal gyrus) 
Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc- 

cipitotemporal sulcus) 
CoUateral fissure 
Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito- 

temporal convolution) 
Lingual convolution 
Occipital lobe 
Occipital pole 
Transverse occipital sulcus 
Superior occipital convolutions 
Superior occipital sulci 
Lateral occipital convolutions 
Lateral occipital sulci 
Parietal lobe 
Superior parietal lobule 
Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal 

sulcus of Turner) 
Inferior parietal lobule 
Supramarginal convolution 
Angular convolution 



Medial surface of hemisphere 

Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal- 

losal sulcus) 
Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol- 
marginal fissure) 
Subfrontal part 
Marginal part 
Subparietal sulcus 
Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate 

fissure, or fissura dentata) 
Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or 
falciform lobe) 
Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal- 
losal convolution, or gyrus forni- 
catus) 
Isthmus of fornicate gyrus 
Convolution of hippocampus (O. T. 

hippocampal convolution) 
Hook of gyrus hippocampi 
White reticular substance of Arnold 
Paracentral lobule 
Precuneus 

Parieto-occipital fissure 
Calcarine fissure 
Cuneus (" wedge ") 

Corpus callosum (great 
transverse commissure 
of cerebrum) 

Splenium (" bandage ") of corpus cal- 
losum 

Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body) 

Knee of corpus callosum 

Beak of corpus callosum 
Rostral lamina 

Transverse striae 

Medial longitudinal stria 

Lateral longitudinal stria 

Fasciola cinerea (" ash-like little ban- 
dage ") 

F o r n i X 

Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar 
of fornix) 



lO 



8o 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus fomicis 
Taenia fomicis 
Columna fomicis 

Pars libera columnae fomicis 
Pars tecta columnae fornicis 

Septum pellucidum 

Lamina septi pellucidi 
Cavum septi pellucidi 

Ventriculus lateralis 

Pars centralis 
Cornu anterius 
Cornu posterius 
Cornu inferius 
Corpus striatum 
Nucleus caudatus 

Caput nuclei caudati 

Cauda nuclei caudati 
Stria terminalis 

Lamina affixa 

Taenia chorioidea 

Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 

Calcar avis 

(Bulbus cornu poster ioris) 
Eminentia collateralis 
Trigonum coUaterale 



Hippocampus 

Fimbria hippocampi 
Taenia fimbriae 
Digitationes hippocampi 

Fascia dentata hippocampi 

Commissura hippocampi 

Rhinencephalon 



Sulcus parolfactorius anterior 
Pars anterior [rhinencephali] 

Lobus olfactorius 

Bulbus olfactorius 

Tractus olfactorius 

Trigonum olfactorium 

Stria medialis 

Stria intermedia 
Area parolfactoria [Brocae] 
Sulcus parolfactorius posterior 
Pars posterior [rhinencaphali] 

Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor- 
poris callosi] 
Substantia perforata anterior 
Stria olfactoria lateralis 
Limen insulae 

Sectiones telencephali 

Substantia corticalis 

Centrum semiovale 

Decursus fibrarum cerebralium 

Fibrae arcuatae cerebri 
Cingulum 

Fasciculus longitudinalis superior 
Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior 
Fasciculus uncinatus 
Radiatio corporis callosi 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 

Pars occipitalis 

Tapetům 
Nucleus lentiformis 

Putamen 

Globus pallidus 
Claustrum 
Capsula externa 
Capsula interna 

Genu capsulae internae 



Neurology 



80 



Body of fomix 

Taenia ("ribbon") of fornix 
Column of fomix (O. T. anterior pil- 
lar of fornix) 
Free part of column of fornix 
Covered part of column of fornix 

Transparent septum 

Layer of septum pellucidum 
Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T. 
fifth ventricle) 

Lateral ventricle 

Central part 

Anterior hom 

Posterior horn 

Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn) 

Striate body 

Caudate nucleus 

Head of caudate nucleus 

Tail of caudate nucleus 
Terminál stria (O. T. taenia semicir- 

cularis) 
Lamina afl&xa (" fastened layer ") 
Chorioid taenia 
Epithelial chorioid layer 
Calcar avis (" cock^s spur ") (O. T. 

hippocampus minor) 
Bulb of posterior horn 
CoUateral eminence 

CoUateral trigone (O. T. trigonum 
ventriculi) 
Hippocampus (" sea-horse ") (O. T. 

hippocampus major, cornu Am- 

monis, or Ammon's horn) 
Fimbria (" fringe ") of hippocampus 
Taenia of fimbria 
Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T. 

pes hippocampi) 
Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T. 

gyrus dentatus) 
Commissure of the hippocampus (O. 

T. lyra, or lyre of David) 
Olfactory brain 



Anterior parolfactory sulcus 
Anterior part of rhinen- 

cephalon 
Olfactory lobe 
Olfactory bulb 
Olfactory tract 
Olfactory trigone 
Medial stria 
Intermediate stria 
Parolfactory area of Broca 
Posterior parolfactory sulcus 
Posterior part of rhinen- 

c e p h a 1 o n 
Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of 
corpus callosum) 
Anterior perforated substance 
Lateral olfactory stria 
Threshold of island 

Sections of endbrain 
Cortical substance 
Semioval centre 
Decursus ("running down") of cerebral 

fibres 
Arcuate fibres of cerebrum 
Cingulum (" girdle 'O 
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 
Uncinate (^'hooked") fasciculus 
Radiation of corpus callosum 
Frontal part (forceps minor) 
Parietal part 
Temporal part 
Occipital part (O. T. forceps 

major) 
Tapetům (''carpet," or "tapestry") 
Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu- 
cleus) 
Putamen (" shell," or ^^paring") 
Globus pallidus (" pale sphere ") 
Claustrum ("bulwark," or "barrier") 
External capsule 
Internal capsule 

Knee of internal capsule 



Si 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Pars frontalis capsulae intemae 

Pars occipitalis capsulae intemae 

Nucleus amygdalae 
Corona radiata 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 

Pars occipitalis 
Radiatio corporis striati 
Radiatio occipitothalamica 

[Gratioleti] 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 

Pars anterior 

Pars posterior 

Meninges 

Důra mater encephali 
Falx cerebri 
Tentorium cerebelli 

Falx cerebelli 

Diaphragma sellae 

Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae] 

Incisura tentorii 

Důra mater spinalis 

Filům durae matris spinalis 

Cavum epidurale 

Cavum subdurale 



Arachnoidea spinalis 
Arachnoidea encephali 
Cavum subarachnoideale 
Cistemae subarachnoidales 
Cisterna cerebellomeduUaris 

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri 

[Sylvii] 
Cisterna chiasmatis 
Cisterna interpeduncularis 

Cisterna venae magnae cerebri 
Granulationes arachnoideales [Pac- 

chioni] 
Pia mater spinalis 

Lig. denticulatum 

Septum cervicale intermedium 

Pia mater encephali 

Těla chorioidea ventriculi quarti 

Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti 
Těla chorioidea ventriculi tertii 



Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis 
Glomus chorioideum 
Acervulus 



Systema nervorum periphericum 



Nervi cerebrales 

Nn. olfactorii 
N. opticus 

N. oculomotorius 



Rámus inferior 
Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris 



N. trochlearis 



Rámus superior 



Decussatio nervorum trochlearium 



Neurology 



8r 



Frontal part of internal capsule (O. 
T. anterior limb) 

Occipital part of internal capsule (O. 
T. posterior limb) 
Amygdaloid ("almond") nucleus 
Corona radia ta ("radiate crown") 

Frontal part 

Parietal part 

Temporal part 

Occipital part 
Hadiation of corpus striatum 
Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op- 

tic radiation) 
Anterior commissure of cerebrum 

Anterior part 

Posterior part 

Membranes 

X)ura mater of brain 

Falx ("sickle") of cerebrum 

Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar 

tent) 
Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar síckle) 
Diaphragm of saddle 
Foramen of diaphragm of saddle 
Notch of tentorium 
Hard membráně of spině 
Thread of spinal důra mater 
Epidural cavity 
Subdural cavity 



Arachnoid (" spider-web") of spině 
Arachnoid (" spider-web") of brain 
Subarachnoid space 
Subarachnoid cisterns 

CerebellomeduUary cistem (O. T. 
cisterna magna) 

Cistem of the lateral fossa of the 
cerebrum 

Cistern of the chiasm 

Inteipeduncular cistern (O. T. cis- 
terna basalis) 

Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum 
Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac- 

chionian bodies) 
Pia mater of spině (soft membráně of 

cord) 
Denticulate ligament 
Intermediate cervical septum 
Pia mater of brain (soft membráně of 

brain) 
Chorioid těla of fourth ventricle (O. T. 

těla chorioidea inferior) 
Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle 
Chorioid těla of third ventricle (O. T. 

velům interpositum, or těla chorioidea 

superior) 
Chorioid plexus of third ventricle 
Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle 
Chorioid skein 
Brain sand 



System of peripheral nerveš 



Cerebral nerveš 

Olfactory nerveš 

Optic nerve 

Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third 

nerve) 

Superior rámus 



Inferior rámus 

Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T. 
motor root of lenticular ganglion) 

Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus 
or fourth nerve) 

Decussation of trochlear nerveš 



82 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



N. trigeminus 

Portio major 

Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri] 

Portio minor 

N. ophthalmicus 

N. tentorii 

N. lacrimalis 

Rámus anastomoticus cum n. zygo 

matico 
N. frontalis 

N. supraorbitalis 

Rámus frontalis 

N. supratrochlearis 
N. nasociliaris 

Radix longa ganglii ciliaris 

Nn. ciliares longi 

N. ethmoidalis posterior 

N. ethmoidalis anterior 

Rami nasales anteriores 
Rami nasales interni 
Rami nasales laterales 
Rami nasales mediales 
Rámus nasalis externus 
N. infratrochlearis 

Rámus palpebralis superior 

R. palpebralis inferior 

G. c i 1 i a r e 
Nn. ciliares breves 

N. maxillaris 

N. meningeus [medius] 

N. zygomaticus 

Rámus zygomaticotemporalis 
Rámus zygomaticofacialis 
Nn. sphenopalatini 



Nn. alveolares superiores 

Rami alveolares superiores poste- 
riores 
N. infraorbitalis 

R. alveolaris superior medius 

Rami alveolares superiores ante- 
riores 
Plexus dentalis superior 
Rami dentales superiores 
Rami gingivales superiores 

Rami palpebrales inferiores 

Rami nasales externi 

Rami nasales interni 

Rami labiales superiores 

Ganglion s p h e n op a 1 a t i - 

n u m 
Rami orbitales 
N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 

N. petrosus superficialis major 
N. petrosus profundus 

Rami nasales posteriores superiores 

laterales 
Rami nasales posteriores superiores 
mediales 

N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae] 
Rami nasales posteriores inferiores 

[laterales] 
Nn. palatini 

N. palatinus anterior 

N. palatinus medius 

N. palatinus posterior 

N. mandibularis 

N. spinosus 

N. masticatorius 

N. massetericus 

Nn. temporales profundi 
N. temporalis profundus posterior 



Neurology 



82 



Trígeminal nerve (O. T. fifth 

nerve) 

Larger (sensory) root 

Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian 

ganglion) 
Smaller (motor) root 

Ophthalmic nerve 

Nerve to the teritorium 

Lacrimal nerve 

Rámus anastomosing with zygomatic 

nerve 
Frontal nerve 

Supraorbital nerve 

Frontal rámus 

Supratrochlear nerve 
Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasál nerve) 

Long root of the ciliary ganglion 

Long ciliary nerveš 

Posterior ethmoidal nerve 

Anterior ethmoidal nerve 

Anterior nasál rami 
Internal nasál rami 
Lateral nasál rami 
Medial nasál rami 
External nasál rámus 
Infratrochlear nerve 

Superior palpebral rámus 

Inferior palpebral rámus 

Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len- 
ticular or ophthalmic 
ganglio n 

Short ciliary nerveš 

Maxillary nerve (O. T. superior 
maxillary) 

Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur- 

rent) 
Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or 
temporomalar) 

Zygomaticotemporal rámus 

Zygomaticofacial rámus 
Sphenopalatine nerveš 



Superior alveolar nerveš 
Posterior superior alveolar rami (O. 

T. posterior superior dental) 
Infraorbital nerve 

Middle superior alveolar rámus (O. 

T. middle superior dental) 
Anterior superior alveolar rami (O. 
T. anterior superior dental) 

Superior dental plexus 

Superior dental rami 

Superior gingival rami 
Inferior palpebral rami 
External nasál rami 
Internal nasál rami 
Superior labial rami 

Sphenopalatine ganglion 
(O. T. MeckePs ganglion) 

Orbital rami 

Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian 
nerve 

Larger superficial petrosal nerve 
Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep 

petrosal branch of carotid plexus) 
Lateral superior posterior nasál rami 

Medial superior posterior nasál rami 

Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa 
Lateral inferior posterior nasál rami 

Palatine nerveš 
Anterior palatine nerve 
Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal palatine) 
Posterior palatine nerve 

Mandibular nerve (O. T. inferior 
maxillary) 

Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve) 
Masticator nerve 

Masseteric nerve 

Deep temporal nerveš 

Posterior deep temporal nerve 



83 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



N. temporalis profundus anterior 

N. buccinatorius 

N. pterygoideus externus 

N. pterygoideus internus 
N. auriculotemporalis 

N. meatus auditorii externí 
R. membranae tympani 

Rami parotidei 

Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali 

Nn. auriculares anteriores 

Rami temporales superficiales 
N. lingualis 

Rami isthmi faucium 

Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo- 
glosso 

N. sublingualis 

Rami linguales 
N. alveolaris inferior 

Plexus dentalis inferior 
Rami dentales inferiores 
Rami gingivales inferiores 

N. mylohyoideus 

N. mentalis 
Rami mentales 
Rami labiales inferiores 

Ganglion oticum 

N. petrosus superficialis minor 
N. tensoris veli palatini 

N. tensoris tympani 

Rámus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso 

R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo- 

temporali 
Rámus anastomoticus cum chorda 

tympani 

Ganglion submaxillare 
Rami communicantes cum n. linguali 

Rami submaxillares 



N. abducens 

N. facialis 

Geniculum n. facialis 

Ganglion geniculi 

N. stapedius 

Rámus anastomoticus cum plexu 

tympanico 
N. auricularis posterior 

Rámus occipitalis 
Rámus digastricus 

Rámus stylohyoideus 
Rámus anastomoticus cum n. glosso- 

pharyngeo 
Plexus parotideus 
Rami temporales 
Rami zygomatici 
Rami buccales 

Rámus marginalis mandibulae 
Rámus coUi 
N. intermedius 



Chorda tympani 

N. acusticus 

Radix vestibularis 
Radix cochlearis 
Fila anastomotica 
N. v e s t i b u 1 i 

Ganglion vestibulare 

N. utricularis 

N. ampuUaris superior 

N. ampuUaris lateralis 

N. ampuUaris inferior 
N. cochleae 

Ganglion spirále 

N. saccularis 

N. glossopharyngeus 
Ganglion superius 



Neurology 



83 



Anterior deep temporal nerve 
Buccinator nerve 
External pterygoid nerve 
Internal pterygoid nerve 
Auriculotemporal nerve 

Nerve of external auditory meatus 

Rámus to tympanic membráně 
Parotid rami 

Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve 
Anterior auricular nerveš 
Superficial temporal rami 
Lingual nerve 

Rami to the isthmus of the fauces 
Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal 

nerve 
Sublingual nerve 
Lingual rami 
Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior 

dental) 
Inferior dental plexus. 

Inferior dental rami 

Inferior gingival rami 
Mylohyoid nerve 
Mental nerve 

Rami to chin 

Rami to lower lip 

Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion 

of Arnold) 
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve 
Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine 

curtain 
Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanimi 
Anastomotic rámus with spinosus 

nerve 
Anastomotic rámus with auriculo- 
temporal nerve 
Anastomotic rámus with chorda tym- 
pani 

Submaxillary ganglion 

Rami communicating with lingual 

nerve 
Submaxillary rami 



Abducent nerve (O. T. sixfh 

nerve) 

Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve) 

Knee of the facial nerve 
Ganglion of the knee (official nerve) 
Nerve to the stapedius muscle 
Rámus anastomosing with tympanic 

plexus (O. T. tympanic branch) 
Posterior auricular nerve 

Occipital rámus 
Digastric rámus 

Stylohyoid rámus 
Rámus anastomosing with glossopha- 

ryngeal nerve 
Parotid plexus 
Temporal rami 
Zygomatic rami 
Buccal rami 

Rámus of margin of jaw 
Rámus to neck 

Intermediate nerve (O. T. 
pars intermedia of 
Wrisberg, or sensory 
part of facial nerve) 

Cord of tympanum 

Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory 

nerve) 

Vestibular root 

Cochlear root 
Anastomotic fibres 
Vestibular nerve 

Vestibular ganglion 

Utricular nerve 

Superior ampuUar nerve 

Lateral ampuUar nerve 

Inferior ampuUar nerve 
Nerve of the cochlea 

Spirál ganglion 

Saccular nerve 

Qlossopharyngeal nerve 

Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang- 
lion) 



84 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ganglion petrosum 

N. tympanicus 

Intumescentia tympanica 
Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni] 

N. caroticotympanicus superior 

N. caroticotympanicus inferior 

Rámus tubae 
R. anastomoticus cum rámo auriculari 

n. vagi 
Rami pharyngei 
Rámus stylopharyngeus 
Rami tonsillares 



Rami liriguales 



N. vagus 



Ganglion jugulare 
Ganglion nodosum 
Rámus meningeus 



Rámus auricularis 

R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha- 

ryngeo 
Rami pharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus 
N. laryngeus superior 

Rámus externus 

Rámus internus 

Rámus anastomoticus cum n. laryn- 
geo inferiore 
Rami cardiaci superiores 
(N. depressor) 
N. recurrens 

Rami cardiaci inferiores 

Rami tracheales 



Rami oesophagei 
N. laryngeus inferior 
Rámus anterior 
Rámus posterior 
Rami bronchiales anteriores 
Rami bronchiales posteriores 
Plexus pubnonalis anterior 
Plexus pulmonalis posterior. 
Rami oesophagei 
Plexus oesophageus anterior 

Plexus oesophageus posterior 

Rami gastrici 

Plexus gastricus anterior 

Plexus gastricus posterior 

Rami hepatici 

Rami coeliaci 

Rami lienales 

Rami renales 

N. accessoríus 
Rámus internus 

Rámus externus 

N. hypoglossus 

Rámus descendens 
Ansa hypoglossi 
Rámus thyreohyoideus 
Rami linguales 

N. spinales 

Fila radicularia 
Radix anterior 
Radix posterior 
Ganglion spinale 
Rámus anterior 
Rámus posterior 
Rámus communicans 
Rámus meningeus 
Cauda equina 
Ansae 



Neurology 



84 



Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 

Andersch) 
Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson's 

nerve) 
Tympanic swelling 
Tympanic plexus 

Superior caroticotympanic nerve 

Inferior caroticotympanic nerve 

Tubal rámus 

Rámus anastomosing with the auricu- 

lar branch of the vagus 
Pharyngeal rami 

Stylopharyngeal rámus 

Tonsillar rami (O. T. tonsillitic 

branches) 

Lingual rami (O. T. terminál rami) 

Vagus nerve (O. T. pneumógas- 
tric nerve) 

Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 

the root) 
Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the 

trunk) 
Meningeal rámus (O, T. recurrent 

branch) 
Auricular rámus (O. T. Arnolďs 

nerve) 
Rámus anastomosing with glosso- 

pharyngeal nerve 
Pharyngeal rami 
Pharyngeal plexus 
Superior laryngeal nerve 

Extemal rámus 

Internal rámus 

Rámus anastomosing with inferior 
laryngeal nerve 
Superior cardiac rami 
Depressor nerve 

Recurrent nerve (O. T. recurrent 
laryngeal) 

Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac 
branches of recurrent laryngeal) 

Tracheal rami 



Oesophageal rami 

Inferior laryngeal nerve 
Anterior rámus 
Posterior rámus 
Anterior bronchial rami 
Posterior bronchial rami 
Anterior pulmonary plexus 
Posterior pulmonary plexus 
Oesophageal rami 
Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 

plexus gulae) 
Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 

plexus gulae) 
Gastric rami 
Anterior gastric plexus 
Posterior gastric plexus 
Hepatic rami 
Coeliac rami 

Splenic rami 

Renal rami 

Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal 
accessory) 

Internal rámus (O. T. accessory por- 

tion) 
External rámus (O. T. spinal portion) 

Hypoglossal nerve 

Descending rámus 
Loop of the hypoglossus 
Thyreohyoid rámus 
Lingual rami 

Spinal nerveš 

Radicular fibres 

Anterior root 

Posterior root 

Spinal ganglion 

Anterior rámus 

Posterior rámus 

Communicating rámus 

Meningeal rámus 

Cauda equina (" horse's tail ") 

Loops 



85 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nn. cervicales 

Rami posteriores 

Rámus medialis 
Rámus lateralis 
N. suboccipitalis 

N. occipitalis major 



(N. occipitalis tertius) 



Rami anteriores 

Plexus cervicalis 
N. occipitalis minor 
N. auricularis magnus 

Rámus posterior 

Rámus anterior 
N. cutaneus coUi 

Rami superiores 
Rami inferiores 
Nn. supraclaviculares 

Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores 

Nn. supraclaviculares medii 

Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores 

N. phrenicus 

Rámus pericardiacus 
Rami phrenicoabdominales 

Plexus brachialis 

Pars s u p r ac la v i c u lar i s 
Nn. thoracales posteriores 
N. dorsalis scapulae 



N. thoracalis longus 



Nn. thoracales anteriores 
N. subclavius 
N. suprascapularis 
Nn. subscapulares 
N. thoracodorsalis 

N. axillaris 

Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus brachii lateralis 
Pars i n f r ac 1 a v i c ular is 

Fasciculus lateralis 

Fasciculus medialis 

Fasciculus posterior 

N. musculocutaneus 
Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis 

N. cutaneus brachii medialis 



N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis 

Rámus volaris 
Rámus ulnaris 

N. medianus 

Rami musculares 

N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris 

Rámus palmaris n. mediáni 

Rámus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 

N. ulnaris 

Rámus cutaneus palmaris 
Rámus dorsalis manus 



Neurology 



85 



Cervical nerveš 

Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri- 
mary divisions) 
Medial rámus 
Lateral rámus 

Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior 
primary division of first cervical 
nerve) 

Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great 
occipital, or medial branch of pos- 
terior primary division of second cer- 
vical nerve) 

Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc- 
cipital, oř medial branch of the pos- 
terior primary division of the third 
cervical nerve) 

Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary 
divisions) 

Cervical plexus 

Lesser occipital nerve 

Great auricular nerve 
Posterior rámus 
Anterior rámus 

Cutaneous nerve of the front of the 
neck (O. T. superficial cervical) 
Upper rami 
Lower rami 

Supraclavicular nerveš 

Anterior supraclavicular nerveš (O. 

T. suprasternal) 
Middle supraclavicular nerveš (O. 

T. supraclavicular) 
Posterior supraclavicular nerveš (O 
T. supra-acromial) 

Phrenic nerve 
Pericardiac rámus 
Phrenicoabdominal rami 

Brachial plexus 

Supraclavicular part 
Posterior thoracic nerveš 

Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve 
to the rhomboids) 



Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external 
respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos- 
terior thoracic) 

Anterior thoracic nerveš 

Subclavius nerve 

Suprascapular nerve 

Subscapular nerveš 

Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub- 
scapular nerve) . 

Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex) 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm 

I n f r a c 1 a v i c u 1 a r part 

Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord) 
Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord) 
Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior 
cord) 

Musculocutaneous nerve 
Muscular branches 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. terminál cutaneous branch) 

Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les- 
ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of 
Wrisberg) 

Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter- 
nal cutaneous) 
Volar rámus (O. T. anterior branch) 
Ulnar rámus (O. T. posterior branch 

Medián nerve 

Muscular rami 

Volar interosseous nerve of forearm 

(O. T. anterior interosseous) 
Palmár rámus of medián nerve (O.T. 

medián palmár cutaneous) 
Rámus anastomosing with ulnar nerve 
Common volar digital nerveš 
Proper volar digital nerveš (O. T. col- 

lateral palmár digital nerveš) 

Ulnar nerve 

Palmár cutaneous rámus 
Dorsal rámus of hand (O. T. dorsal 
cutaneous) 



86 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nn. digitales dorsales 
Rámus volaris manus 
Rámus superficialis 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 

Rámus profundus 
Rami musculares 

N. radialis 

N. cutaneus brachii posterior 



Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis 



Rámus profundus 
N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis 

Rámus superficialis 



Nn. Itunbales, sacrales, coccygeus 

Nn. lumbales 
Rami posteriores 
Rámus medialis 
Rámus lateralis 
Nn. clunium superiores 
Rami anteriores 
Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: 
Rami posteriores 
Rámus medialis 
Rámus lateralis 
Nn. clunium medii 

Plexus lumbosacralis 

Plexus lumbalis 

Rami musculares 

N. iliohypogastricus 

Rami musculares 
Rámus cutaneus lateralis 



Rámus anastomoticus ulnaris 



Rámus cutaneus anterior 



Nn. digitales dorsales 

Nn. thoracales 

Rami posteriores 

Rámus cutaneus lateralis 
Rámus cutaneus medialis 
Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales] 
Rami musculares 

Rámus cutaneus lateralis [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Rámus posterior 
Rámus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 
Nn. intercostobrachiales 

Rámus cutaneus anterior [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Rami mammarii mediales 



N. ilioinguinalis 

Rami musculares 

Nn. scrotales anteriores 

Nn. labiales anteriores 

N. genitofemoralis 

N. lumboinguinalis 

N. spermaticus externus 



N. cutaneus femoris lateralis 

N. obturatorius 

Rámus anterior 

Rámus cutaneus 
Rámus posterior 



Neurology 



86 



Dorsal digital nerveš 
Volar rámus of hand 

Superficial rámus 

Common volar digital nerveš 

Proper volar digital nerveš (O. T 
coUateral palmár digital) 
Deep rámus 

Muscular rami 

Radiál nerve (O. T. musculospiral) 

Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper 
arm (O. T, upper external cuta- 
neous branch of musculospiral) 

Muscular rami 

Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. lower external cutaneous 
branch of musculospiral) 

Deep rámus 

Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. posterior interosseous) 

Superficial rámus (O. T. radiál branch 
of musculospiral) 
Rámus anastomosing with ulnar 

nerve 
Dorsal digital nerveš 

Thoracic nerveš 

Posterior rami 
Lateral cutaneous rámus 
Medial cutaneous rámus 
Anterior rami [intercostal nerveš] 
Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous rámus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Posterior rámus 
Anterior rámus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Intercostobrachial nerveš (O. T. in- 
tercosto-humeral nerveš) 
Anterior cutaneous rámus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Medial mammary rami 



Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal 
nerveš 

Lumbar nerveš 
Posterior rami 
Medial rámus 
Lateral rámus 

Superior clunial nerveš 
Anterior rami 

Sacral and coccygeal nerveš 
Posterior rami 
Medial rámus 
Lateral rámus 

Middle clunial nerveš 

Lumbosacral plezus 

Lumbar plexus 

Muscular rami 

Iliohypogastric nerve 

Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous rámus (O. T. iliac 
branch of hypogastric) 

Anterior cutaneous rámus (O. T. hy- 
pogastric branch) 

Ilio-inguinal nerve 

Muscular rami 
Anterior scrotal nerveš 
Anterior labial nerveš 

Genitofemoral nerve (O. T. genito- 
crural nerve) 

Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural 

branch of genitocrural) 
External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni- 

tal branch of genitocrural) 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 
(O. T. external cutaneous) 

Obturator nerve 

Anterior rámus 

Cutaneous rámus 
Posterior rámus 



87 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



N. femorališ 

Rami cutanei anteriores 
Rami musculares 
N. saphenus 

Rámus infrapatellaris 

Rami cutanei cruris mediales 

Plexus sacralis 

Truncus lumbosacralis 

N. glutaeus superior 

N. glutaeus inferior 

N. cutaneus femoris posterior 

Nn. clunium inferiores 

Rami perineales 

N. ischiadicus 

Rami musculares 

N. peronaeus communis 

Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus surae lateralis 

Rámus anastomoticus peronaeus 

N. peronaeus superficialis 

Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis 
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius 
Nn. digitales dorsales pedis 
N. peronaeus profundus 

Rami musculares 

Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late- 
ralis et digiti secundi medialis 



N. tibialis 

Rami musculares 

N. interosseus cruris 

N. cutaneus surae medialis 



[N. suralis] 

Rami calcanei laterales 
N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis 
Rami calcanei mediales 
N. plantaris medialis 

Nn. digitales plantares communes 
Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
N. plantaris lateralis 

Rámus superficialis 

Nn. digitales plantares com- 
munes 

Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
Rámus profundus 

Plexus pudendus 

Nn. haemorrhoidales medii 
Nn. vesicales inferiores 
Nn. vaginales 
N. pudendus 

Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores 

N. perinei 

Nn. scrotales posteriores 

Nn. labiales posteriores 

N. dorsalis penis 

N. dorsalis clitoridis 

N. coccygeus 

Plexus coccygeus 
Nn. anococcygei 



Neurology 



87 



Femoral nerve (O. T. anterior 

crural) 

Anterior cutaneous rami 
Muscular rami 

Saphenous nerve (O. T. long sáphe- 
nous) 
Infrapatellar rámus (O. T. patellar 

branch oř long saphenous) 
Medial cutaneous rami of leg 

Sacral plexus 

Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa- 

cral cord) 
Superior gluteal nerv^e 
Inferior gluteal nerve 
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh 

Inferior nerveš of buttock 

Perineal rami 

Sciatic nerve (O. T. great sciatic) 

Muscular rami 

Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal popliteal) 
Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf 
Peroneal anastomotic rámus (O. T. 
nervus communicans fibularis) 
Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus- 
culocutaneous) 
Muscular rami 

Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Dorsal digital nerveš of foot 
Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior 
tibial) 
Muscular rami 

Dorsal digital nerveš to lateral sur- 
face of hallux and to medial sur- 
face of second digit 



Tibial nerve (O. T. internal popliteal 
nerve) 
Muscular rami 
Interosseous nerve of the leg 

Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf 
(O. T. nervus communicans tib- 
ialis) 
Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe- 
nous nerve) 

Lateral calcanean rami 
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Medial calcanean rami 
Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal 
plantar) 
Common digital plantar nerveš 
Proper digital plantar nerveš 
Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external 
plantar) 
Superficial rámus 

Common digital plantar nerv^es 

Proper digital plantar nerveš 
Deep rámus 

Pudendal plexus 

Middle hemorrhoidal nerveš 

Inferior vesical nerveš 

Vaginal nerveš 

Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve) 

Inferior hemorrhoidal nerveš 

Nerve of perineum 

Posterior scrotal nerveš 

Posterior labial nerveš 

Dorsal nerve of penis 

Dorsal nerve of clitoris 

Coccygeal nerve 

Coccygeal plexus 
Anococcygeal nerveš 



II 



88 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Systema nervorum sympathicum 



Truncus sympathicus 
Ganglia tninci sympathici 
Plexus sympathici 
Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum 

Pars cephalica et cervicalis s. 
sympathici 

Ganglion cervicale superius 

N. jugularis 

N. caroticus internus 

Plexus caroticus internus 

Plexus cavernosus 

Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris 

Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae 

Plexus arteriae chorioideae 

Plexus ophthalmicus 

Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris 

Nn. carotici externi 

Plexus caroticus externus 

Plexus thyxeoideus superior 

Plexus lingualis 

Plexus maxillaris externus 

Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil- 

laris 
Plexus occipitalis 
Plexus auricularis posterior 
Plexus temporalis superficialis 
Plexus maxillaris internus 
Plexus meningeus 
Plexus caroticus communis 
Rami laryngopharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus ascendens 
N. cardiacus superior 
Ganglion cervicale medium 
N. cardiacus medius 
Ganglion cervicale inferius 
Ansa subclavia [Vieussenii] 
N. cardiacus inferior 
Plexus subclavius 
Plexus mammarius internus 



Plexus thyreoideus inferior 
Plexus vertebralis 

Pars thoracalis s. sympathici 

Ganglia thoracalia 
N. splanchnicus major 
Ganglion splanchnicum 
N. splanchnicus minor 

Rámus renalis 
(N. splanchnicus imus) 

Plexus aorticus thoracalis 

Plexus cardiacus 

Plexus coronarius cordis anterior 

Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] 

Plexus coronarius posterior 

Rami pulmonales 

Plexus pulmonalis 

Pars abdominalis et pelvina s. 
sympathici 

Ganglia lumbalia 

Ganglia sacralia 

Plexus aorticus abdominalis 

Plexus coeliacus 

Ganglia coeliaca 

Ganglion mesentericum superius 

Plexus phrenicus 

Ganglia phrenica 
Plexus hepaticus 
Plexus lienalis 
Plexus gastricus* superior 
Plexus gastricus inferior 
Plexus suprarenalis 
Plexus renalis 
Plexus spermaticus 
Plexus arteriae ovaricae 
Plexus mesentericus superior 
Plexus myentericus 



Neurology 



88 



Sympathetic systém of nerveš 



Sympathetic trunk 

Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk 

Sympathetic plexuses 

Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses 

Cephalic and cervical portions of 
the sympathetic systém 

Superior cervical ganglion 

Jugular nerve 

Internal carotid nerve 

Internal carotid plexus 

Cavemous plexus 

Plexus of anterior cerebral artery 

Plexus of middle cerebral artery 

Plexus of chorioid artery 

Ophthalmic plexus 

Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion 

External carotid nerveš 

Extemal carotid plexus 

Superior thyreoid plexus 

Lingual plexus 

External maxillary plexus 

Sympathetic root of the submaxillary 

ganglion 
Occipital plexus 
Posterior auricular plexus 
Superficial temporal plexus 
Internal maxillary plexus 
Meningeal plexus 
Common carotid plexus 
Laryngopharyngeal rami 
Ascending pharyngeal plexus 
Superior cardiac nerve 
Middle cervical ganglion 
Middle cardiac nerve 
Inferior cervical ganglion 
Subclavian loop 
Inferior cardiac nerve 
Subclavian plexus 
Internal mammary plexus 



Inferior thyreoid plexus 
Vertebral plexus 

Thoracic portion of the sympa- 
thetic systém 

Thoracic ganglia 
Greater splanchnic nerve 
Splanchnic ganglion 
Lesser splanchnic nerve 

Renal rámus 
Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T. 

smallest splanchnic) 
Thoracic aortic plexus 
Cardiac plexus 

Anterior coronary plexus of heart 
Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg 
Posterior coronary plexus 
Pulmonary rami 
Pulmonary plexus 

Abdominal and pelvic portions of 
the sympathetic systém 

Lumbar ganglia 

Sacral ganglia 

Abdominal aortic plexus 

Coeliac plexus 

Coeliac ganglia 

Superior mesenteric ganglion 

Phrenic plexus 

Phrenic ganglia 
Hepatic plexus 
Splenic plexus 
Superior gastric plexus 
Inferior gastric plexus 
Suprarenal plexus 
Renal plexus 
Spermatic plexus 
Plexus of the ovarian artery 
Superior mesenteric plexus 
Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of 

Auerbach) 



89 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Plexus submucosus 

Plexus mesentericus inferior 
Nn. haemorrhoidales superíores 
Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior 
Plexus iliacus 
Plexus hypogastricus 
Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius 
Plexus prostaticus 
Plexus deferentialis 
Plexus uterovaginalis 



Plexus vesicalis 

Nn. vesicales superíores 

Nn. vesicales inferiores 

Plexus cavemosus penis 
N. cavernosus penis major 
Nn. cavemosi penis minores 

Plexus cavernosus clitoridis 
N. cavemosus clitoridis major 
Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores 

Plexus femoralis 

Plexus popliteus 



Organa sensuum et Inte^umentum commune 



Organon visus 

Oculus 

N. opticus 

Vaginae n. optici 
Spatia intervaginalia 

Bulbus oculi 

Polus anterior 

Polus posterior 

Aequator 

Meridiani 

Axis oculi extema 

Axis oculi interna 

Axis optica 

[Linea visus] 

Vesicula ophthalmica 

Caliculus ophthalmicus 

Tunica fibrosa oculi 

Sclera 

Sulcus sclerae 

Rima cornealis 

Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis 

Schlemmi, Lauthi] 
Lamina fusca 



Lamina cribrosa sclerae 
(Raphe sclerae) 

(Funiculus sclerae) 

Comea 

Annulus conjunctivae 

Vertex corneae 

Limbus corneae 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Epithelium corneae 

Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani] 

Substantia propria 

Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi, 

Descemeti] 
Endothelium camerae anterioris 

Tunica vasculosa oculi 

Chorioidea 

Lamina suprachorioidea 
Spatium perichorioideale 
Lamina vasculosa 
Lamina choriocapillaris 

Lamina basalis 
(Raphe chorioideae) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



89 



Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus 

of Meissner) 
Inferior mesenteric plexus 
Superior hemorrhoidal nerveš 
Superior hemorrhoidal plexus 
Iliac plexus 
Hypogastric plexus 
Middle hemorrhoidal plexus 
Prostatic plexus 
Deferential plexus 
Uterovaginal plexus 



Vesical plexus 

Superior vesical nerveš 

Inferior vesical nerveš 

Cavernous plexus of penis 
Larger cavernous nerve of penis 
Lesser cavernous nerveš of penis 

Cavernous plexus of clitoris 
Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris 
Lesser cavernous nerveš of clitoris 

Femoral plexus 

Popliteal plexus 



Sense organs and common integument 



Organ of vision 
Eye 



Optic nerve 

Sheaths of the optic nerve 
Intervaginal spaces 

Eyeball 

Anterior pole 
Posterior pole 
Equator 
Meridian 

External axis of eye 
Internal axis of eye 
Optic axis 
Line of vision 
Ophthalmic vesicle 
Ophthalmic cup 

Fibrous tunic of eye 

Sclera (O. T.sclerotic coat) 

Sukus of the sclera 
Cleft for the cornea 
Venouš sinus of the sclera, or canal of 

Schlemm 
Brown layer 



Perforated layer of the sclera 
Ridge of the sclera 
Funiculus of the sclera 

Cornea 

Ring of conjunctiva 

Vertex of cornea 

Border of cornea 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Epithelium of cornea 

Anterior elastic layer (O. T. Bow- 

man's membráně) 
Proper substance 
Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce- 

meťs membráně) 
Endothelium of anterior chamber 

Vascular coat of eye 

Chorioid 

Suprachorioid layer 

Perichorioideal space 

Vascular layer 

Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica 

Ruyschiana) 
Basal layer 
Raphe of chorioid 



90 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus ciliare 

Corona ciliaris 
Processus ciliares 
Plicae ciliares 
Orbiculus ciliaris 
M. ciliaris 
Fibrae meridionales [Bnieckei] 
Fibrae circulares [Muelleri] 
Plexus gangliosus ciliaris 

Iris 

Margo pupillaris 
Margo ciliaris 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Annulus iridis major 
Annulus iridis minor 
Plicae iridis 
Pupilla 

M. sphincter pupillae 
Stroma iridis 
M. dilatator pupillae 
Lig. pectinatum iridis 

Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae] 

Circulus arteriosus major 
Circulus arteriosus minor 
Membrána pupillaris 

Stratům pigment! 

Stratům pigmenti retihae 
Stratům pigmenti corporis ciliaris 
Stratům pigmenti iridis 

Retina 

Pars optica retinae 

Ora serrata 
Pars ciliaris retinae 
Papilla n. optici 
Excavatio papillae n. optici 
Macula lutea 
Fovea centralis 



Vasa sanguinea retinae 

Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri] 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
inferior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae 
inferior 

Arteriola [Venula] macularis su- 
perior 

Arteriola [Venula] macularis in- 
ferior 

Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis 

Camera oculi anterior 

Angulus iridis 

Camera oculi posterior 

Corpus vitreum 

A, hyaloidea 
Canalis hyaloideus 
Fossa hyaloidea 
Membrána hyaloidea 

Stroma vitreum 

Humor vitreus 

Lens crystallina 

Substantia lentis 

Substantia corticalis 

Nucleus lentis 
Fibrae lentis 
Epithelium lentis 
Capsula lentis 
Polus anterior lentis 
Polus posterior lentis 
Facies anterior lentis 
Facies posterior lentis 
Axis lentis 
Aequator lentis 
Radii lentis 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



90 



Ciliary body 

Ciliary wreath 
Ciliary processes 
Ciliary folds 
Ciliary disk 
Ciliary muscle 
Meridional fibres 
Circular fibres 
Ciliary ganglionic plexus 

Iris, or diaphragm of the eye 

Pupillary margin 

Ciliary margin 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Greater ring of iris 

Lesser ring of iris 

Folds of iris 

Pupil 

Sphincter muscle of pupil 

Stroma of iris 

Dilator muscle of pupil 

Pectinate ("comb-like**) ligament of 

iris (O. T. pillars of the iris) 
Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T. 

spaces of Fontána) 
Greater arterial circle 
Lesser arterial circle 
Pupillary membráně 

Layer of pigment 

Pigment layer of the retina 
Pigment layer of ciliary body 
Pigment layer of iris 

Retina 

Optic part of retina 

Serrated edge 
Ciliary part of retina 
Papilla of optic nerve 
Excavation of papilla of optic nerve 
Yellow spot 
Central fovea 



Bloodvessels of the retina 

Vascular circle of the optic nerve 

Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Superior arteriole (venule) of nasál ret- 
ina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasál ret- 
ina 

Superior macular arteriole (venule) 

Inferior macular arteriole (venule) 

Medial arteriole (venule) of retina 

Anterior chamber of the eye 

Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal 
angle) 

Posterior chamber of the eye 

Vitreous body 

Hyaloid artery 

Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling) 
Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris) 
Hyaloid membráně 

Vitreous stroma 

Vitreous humor 

Crystalline lens 

Substance of the lens 

Cortical substance 

Nucleus of the lens 
Fibres of the lens 
Epithelium of the lens 
Capsule of the lens 
Anterior pole of lens 
Posterior pole of lens 
Anterior surface of lens 
Posterior surface of lens 
Axis of the lens 
Equator of the lens 
Radii of the lens 



91 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Zonula ciliaris [Zinni] 

Fibrae zonulares 
Spatia zonularia 

Organa oculi accessoria 

Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales 

M. orbitalis 
M. rectus superior 
M. rectus inferior 
M. rectus medialis 

M. rectus lateralis 

Lacertus musculi recti lateralis 
Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni] 
M. obliquus superior 

Trochlea 
M. obliquus inferior 
M. levator palpebrae superioris 
Periorbita 
Septum orbitale 

Fasciae musculares 
Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] 
Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] 
Corpus adiposum orbitae 

Supercilium 

Palpebrae 

Palpebra superior 

Palpebra inferior 

Facies anterior palpebrarum 

Facies posterior palpebrarum 

Rima palpebrarum 

Commissura palpebrarum lateralis 

Commissura palpebrarum medialis 

Angulus oculi lateralis 
Angulus oculi medialis 
Limbi palpebrales anteriores 
Limbi palpebrales posteriores 



Tarsus superior 

Tarsus inferior 

Lig. palpebrale mediale 

Raphe palpebralis lateralis 

Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi] 

Sebum palpebrale 
M. tarsalis superior 
M. tarsalis inferior 



Conjunctiva 

Plica semilunaris conjunctivae 
Caruncula lacrimalis 
Tunica conjunctiva bulbi 
Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum 
Fornix conjunctivae superior 
Fornix conjunctivae inferior 
Gl. mucosae [Krausei] 
Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales 
(Pinguecula) 

Apparatus lacrimalis 

Glandula lacrimalis superior 
Glandula lacrimalis inferior 
(Gl. lacrimales accessoriae) 

Ductuli excretorii [gl. lacrimalis] 
Rivus lacrimalis 
Lacus lacrimalis 
Puncta lacrimalia 
Ductus lacrimales 
Papillae lacrimales 
AmpuUa ductus lacrimalis 
Saccus lacrimalis 
Fornix sacci lacrimalis 
Ductus nasolacrimalis 
Plica lacrimalis [Hasneri] 
Lacrimae 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



91 



Ciliary zonule (O. T. zonule of 

Zinn) 

Zonular fibres 

Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit) 

Accessory organs of eye 

Eye muscles, orbital fasciae 

Orbital muscle 

Superior straight muscle 

Inferior straight muscle 

Medial straight muscle (O. T. internal 

rectus) 
Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external 

rectus) 
Lacertus of lateral straight muscle 
Common tendinous ring of Zinn 
Superior oblique muscle 

Pulley 
Inferior oblique muscle 
Levator muscle of superior lid 
Periorbit 
Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga- 

ments) 
Muscular fasciae 

Fascia of balí (O. T. capsule of Tenon) 
Interfascial space 
Fat body of orbit 

Eyebrow 

Eyelids 

Upper eyelid 

Lower eyelid 

Anterior surface of eyelids 

Posterior surface of eyelids 

Palpebral fissure 

Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T. 

external canthus) 
Medial palpebral commissure (O. T. 

internal canthus) 
Lateral angle of the eye 
Medial angle of the eye 
Anterior palpebral margins 
Posterior palpebral margins 



Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal 
plate) 

Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal 
plate) 

Medial palpebral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal tarsal ligament) 

Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter- 
nal tarsal ligament) 

Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian 
glands) 
Palpebral sebum 

Superior tarsal muscle 

Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor 
tarsi) 

Conjunctiva or connecting 
membráně 

Semilunar fold of conjunctiva 
Lacrimal caruncle 
Conjunctival coat of eyeball 
Conjunctival coat of eyelids 
Superior fornix of conjunctiva 
Inferior fornix of conjunctiva 
Mucous glands of Krause 
Conjunctival lymphatic nodules 
Conjunctival fat 

Lacrimal apparatus 

Superior lacrimal gland 
Inferior lacrimal gland 
Accessory lacrimal glands 

Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland 
Lacrimal stream 
Lacrimal lake 

Lacrimal (punctate) openings 
Lacrimal ducts 
Lacrimal papillae 
AmpuUa of lacrimal duet 
Lacrimal sac 

Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac 
Nasolacrimal duet 
Lacrimal fold of Hasner 
Tears 



92 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Organon auditus 

Aurís interna 

Labyrinthus membranaceus 

Ductus endolymphaticus 

Saccus endolymphaticus 

Ductus utriculosaccularis 

Utriculus 

Ductus semicirculares 

Ductus semicircularis superior 
Ductus semicircularis posterior 
Ductus semicircularis lateralis 

AmpuUae membranaceae 
Sukus ampullaris 
Crista ampullaris 
AmpuUa membranacea superior 
AmpuUa membranacea posterior 
AmpuUa membranacea lateralis 

Sacculus 

Ductus reuniens [Henseni] 
' Maculae acusticae 

Macula acustica utriculi 
Macula acustica sacculi 

Otoconia 

Endolympha 

Perilympha 

Spatium perilymphaticum 

Ductus perilymphatici 

Ductus cochlearis 



Caecum cupulare 
Caecum vestibulare 
Lamina basilaris 

Membrána vestibularis [Reissneri] 
Lig. spirále cochleae 
Proíninentia spiralis 
Stria vascularis 
Sulcus spiralis 
Labium tympanicum 
Foramina nervosa 
Labium vestibulare 



Ganglion spirále cochleae 
Organon spirále [Cortii] 
Vasa auris internae 
A. auditiva interna 

Rami vestibulares 

Rámus cochleae 

Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae 
Vv. auditivae internae 

V. spiralis modioli 
Vas prominens 

Vv. vestibulares 

V. aquaeductus vestibuli 

V. canaliculi cochleae 

Labyrinthus osseus 

Vestibulum 

Recessus sphaericus 

Recessus ellipticus 

Crista vestibuli 

Pyramis vestibuli 

Recessus cochlearis 

Maculae cribrosae 
Macula cribrosa superior 
Macula cribrosa media 
Macula cribrosa inferior 

Canales semicirculares ossei 
Canalis semicircularis superior 
Canalis semicircularis posterior 
Canalis semicircularis lateralis 

AmpuUae osseae 

AmpuUa ossea superior 
AmpuUa ossea posterior 
AmpuUa ossea lateralis 

Crura ampuUaria 

Crus commune 

Crus simplex 



Cochlea 



Cupula 
Basis cochleae 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



92 



Organ of hearing 

Internal ear 

Membranous labyrínth 

Endolymphatic duet 

Endolymphatic sac 

Utriculosaccular duet 

Utricle 1 

Semicircular ducts 
Superior semicircular duet 
Posterior semicircular duet 
Lateral semicircular duet (O. T. ex- 
temal) 

Membranous ampullae 
AmpuUary sulcus 
AmpuUary crest 
Superior membranous ampuUa 
Posterior membranous ampuUa 
Lateral membranous ampuUa 

Saccule 

Uniting duet (O. T. canalis reuniens) 

Acoustic spots 

Acoustic spot of utricle 
Acoustic spot of saccule 

Ear-stones 

Endolymph 

Perilymph 

Perilymphatie space 

Perilymphatie ducts 

Cochlear duet (O. T. mem- 
branous coclilea, or seala 
media) 

Cupular blind sac 

Vestibular blind sac 

Basilar layer 

Vestibular membráně of Reissner 

Spirál ligament of cochlea 

Spirál prominence 

Vascular stripe 

Spirál sulcus 

Tympanic lip 

Openings for nerveš 

Vestibular lip 



Spirál ganglion of cochlea 
Spirál organ of Corti 
Vessels of internal ear 
Internal auditory artery 

Vestibular rami 

Cochlear rámus 

Arterial glomeruli of cochlea 
Internal auditory veins 

Spirál vein of modiolus 
Prominent vessel 

Vestibular veins 

Vein of aqueduct of vestibule 

Vein of canaliculus of cochlea 

Osseous labyrínth 

Vestibule 

Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi- 

sphaerica) 
EUiptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel- 

liptica) 
Crest of vestibule 
Pyramid of vestibule 
Cochlear recess 
Perforated spots 

Superior perforated spot 

Middle perforated spot 

Inferior perforated spot 
Osseous semicircular canals 

Superior semicircular canal 

Posterior semicircular canal 

Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex- 
ternal) 
Osseous ampullae 

Superior osseous ampuUa 

Posterior osseous ampuUa 

Lateral osseous ampuUa 
AmpuUary limbs 
Common Umb 
Simple limb 

Cochlea (" snail shell ") 

Cupola 

Base of cochlea 



93 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Canalis spiralis cochleae 

Modiolus 

Basis modioli 

Lamina modioli 

Lamina spiralis ossea 

Hamulus laminae spiralis 

Scala vestibuli 

Scala tympani 

Helicotrema 

Lamina spiralis secundaria 

Canalis spiralis modioli 

Canales longitudinales modioli 

Meatus acusticus intemus 

Poruš acusticus internus 
Fundus meatus acustici interni 

Crista transversa 

Area n. facialis 

Area cochleae 

Tractus spiralis foraminosus 

Area vestibularis superior 

Area vestibularis inferior 

Foramen singulare 

Cavum tympani 

Paries tegmentalis 
Recessus epitympanicus 
Pars cupularis 

Paries jugularis 
Prominentia styloidea 

Paries labyrinthica 

Fenestra vestibuli 

Fossula fenestrae vestibuli 
Promontorium 
Sukus promontorii 
Subiculum promontorii 

Sinus tympani 
Fenestra cochleae 

Fossula fenestrae cochleae 



Crista fenestrae cochleae 
Processus cochleariformis 
Paries mastoidea 

Antrum tympanicum 

Prominentia canalis semicircularis 
lateralis 

Prominentia canalis facialis 

Eminentia pyramidalis 

Fossa incudis 

Sinus posterior 

Apertura tympanica canaliculi 
chordae 
Cellulae mastoideae 
Cellulae tympanicae 
Paries carotica 

Paries membranacea 



Membrána tympani 

Pars flaccida 

Pars tensa 

Limbus membranae tympani 

Plica malleolaris anterior 

Plica malleolaris posterior 

Prominentia malleolaris 

Stria malleolaris 

Umbo membranae tympani 

Stratům cutaneum 
Annulus fibrocartilagineus 
Stratům radiatum 
Stratům circulare 
Stratům mucosum 

Ossicula auditus 

S t a pe s 

Capitulum stapedis 
Crus anterius 
Crus posterius 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



93 



Spirál canal of cochlea 
Modiolus ("screw") 
Base of modiolus 
Shelf of modiolus 
Osseous spirál shelf 
Hooklet of spirál shelf 
**Staircase" of vestibule 
**Staircase" of tympanum 
Helicotrema (" póre of the helix ") 
Secondary spirál shelf 
Spirál canal of modiolus 
Longitudinal canals of modiolus 

Inťemal acoustic meatus 

Internal acoustic opening 

Bottom of internal acoustic meatus 

Transverse crest 

Area of facial nerve 

Area of cochlea 

Foraminous spirál tract 

Superior vestibular area 

Inferior vestibular area . 

Isolated foramen 

Cavity of tympanum 

Tegmental wall 
Epitympanic recess 
Cupular portion 
Jugular wall (O. T. floor) 

Styloid prominence 
Labyrinthic wall (O. T. in- 
n e r wall) 
Fenestra ("window") of vestibule 

(O. T. fenestra ovalis) 
Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule 
Promontory 
Sulcus of promontory 
Subiculum (" support '*) of promon- 
tory 
Sinus of tympanum 
Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra 

rotunda) 
Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea 



Crest of fenestra of cochlea 

Cochleariform process 
Mastoid wall (O. T. pos- 
terior wall) 

Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal 
antrum) 

Prominence of lateral semicircular 
canal 

Prominence of facial canal 

Pyramidal eminence 

Fossa of incus 

Posterior sinus 

Tympanic apertuře of canaliculus of 
chorda 
Mastoid cells 
Tympanic cells 
Carotid wall (O. T. ante- 

r i o r wa 1 1 ) 
Membranous wall (O. T. 

outer wall) 

Membráně of the tympanum (O. T. 
drumhead) 

Flaccid part 

Tense part 

Border of membráně of tympanum 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Posterior malleolar fold 

Malleolar prominence 

Malleolar stripe 

Umbo (^^prominent part") of tympanic 

membráně 
Cutaneous layer 
Fibrocartilaginous ring 
Radiate layer 
Circular layer 
Mucous layer 

Auditory ossicles 

S t i r r u p 
Head of stirrup 
Anterior limb 
Posterior limb 



94 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Basis stapedis 
I ncus 
Corpus incudis 
Cnis longum 

Processus lenticularis 
Cnis breve 
Ma lleus 
Manubrium mallei 
Capitulum mallei 
CoUum mallei 
Processus lateralis 

Processus anterior [Folii] 

Articulationes ossiculorum auditus 

Articulatio incudomalleolaris 
Articulatio incudostapedia 
Syndesmosis tympanostapedia 

Ligg. ossiculorum auditus 

Lig. mallei anterius 
Lig. mallei superius 
Lig. mallei laterale 

Lig. incudis superius 
Lig. incudis posterius 
Membrána obturatoria (stapedis) 
Lig. annulare baseos stapedis 
[M. fixator baseos stapedis] 

Musculi ossiculorum auditus 

M. tensor tympani 
M. stapedius 

Ttmica mucosa tympanica 

(Gl. tympanicae) 

Plica malleolaris posterior 

Plica malleolaris anterior 

Recessus membranae tympani anterior 

Recessus tympani membranae superior 

Recessus membranae tympani posterior 

Plica incudis 



Plica stapedis 

Membrána tympani secundaria 

Tuba audltiva [Eustachii] 

Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae 
Pars ossea tubae auditivae 

Isthmus tubae auditivae 

Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae 
Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae 

Cartilago tubae auditivae 
Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis 

Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis 
Lamina membranacea 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. mucosae 

Noduli lymphatici tubarii 
Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae 

Meatus acusticus externus 

Poruš acusticus externus 

Incisura tympanica [Rivini] 

Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi- 

neus 
Cartilago meatus acustici 

Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus- 
tici externí [Santorini] 

Lamina tragi 

Auriculae 

Lobulus auriculae 

Cartilago auriculae 

Helix 

Cnis helicis 

Spina helicis 

Cauda helicis 

Anthelix 

Fossa triangularis [auriculae] 

Crura anthelicis 

Scapha 

Concha auriculae 

Cymba conchae 

Cavum conchae 

Antitragus 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



94 



Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece) 
An vil 
Body of anvil 
Long limb 

Lenticular process 
Short limb 
H a m m e r 
Handle of hammer 
Head of hammer 
Neck of hammer 
Lateral process (O. T. processus 

brevis) 
Anterior process (O. T. processus 

gracilis) 

Joints of the auditory ossicles 

Joint between anvil and hammer 
Joint between anvil and stimip 
Junction of stimip and tympanum 

Ligaments of the auditory ossicles 

Anterior ligament of hammer 
Superior ligament of hammer 
Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T. 

extemal ligament) 
Superior ligament of anvil 
Posterior ligament of anvil 
Obturator membráně of stirrup 
Annular ligament of base of stirrup 
Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup 

Muscles of the auditory ossicles 

Tensor muscíe of the tympanum 
Stapedius muscle 

Tympanic mucous coat 

Tympanic glands 

Posterior maleolar fold 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Anterior recess of tympanic membráně 

Superior recess of tympanic membráně 

Posterior recess of tympanic membráně 

Fold of anvil 



Fold of stirrup 

Secondary tympanic membráně 

Auditory or Eustachian tube 

Tympanic opening of auditory tube 
Bony part of auditory tube 

Isthmus of auditory tube 

Tubal air cells 
Cartilaginous part of auditory tube 

Cartilage of auditory tube 
Medial layer of cartilage 

Lateral layer of cartilage 
Membranous layer 
Mucous membráně 

Mucous glands 

Tubal lymphatic nodules 
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 

Extemal acoustic meatus 

Extemal acoustic opening 

Tympanic incisure 

Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus 

Cartilage of acoustic meatus 
Notches in cartilage of external 

acoustic meatus 
Layer of tragus 

Extemal ear, or auricle (O. T. 

pinna) 

Lobule of auricle 

Cartilage of auricle 

Coil 

Limb of coil 

Spině of coil 

Tail of coil 

Anthelix 

Triangular fossa of auricle 

Limbs of anthelix 

Scapha ("skiff") 

Concha ("shell '') of auricle 

Cymba (" boat ") of auricle 

Cavity of concha 

Antitragus 



95 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tragus 

Incisura anterior [auris] 
Incisura intertragica 
(Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini]) 
(Apex auriculae [Darwini]) 
Sulcus auriculae posterior 
(Tuberculum supratragicum) 
Isthmus cartilaginis auris 
Incisura terminalis auris 
Fissura antitragohelicina 
Sulcus anthelicis transversus 
Sulcus cruris helicis 
Fossa anthelicis 
Eminentia conchae 
Eminentia scaphae 
Eminentia fossae triangularis 
Ligg. auricularia [Valsalvae] 

Lig. auriculare anterius 

Lig. auriculare superius 

Lig. auriculare posterius 
M. helicis major 
M. helicis minor 
M. tragicus 

(M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi]) 
M. antitragicus 
M. transversus auriculae 
M. obliquus auriculae 
(M. incisurae helicis [Santorini]) 

Organon olfactus 

Organon gustus 

Calyculi gustatorii 

Integtunenttun commune 

Cutis 

Sulci cutis 
Cristae cutis 
Retinacula cutis 
Toruli tactiles 
Foveola coccygea 
Lig. caudale 



Epidermis 

Stratům comeum 

Stratům germinativum [Malpighii] 

Coritim 

Tunica propria 
Corpus papillare 
Papillae 

Těla subcutanea 

Panniculus adiposus 



Corpuscula nervorum terminalia 

Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii] 
Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini] 

Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] 
Corpuscula nervorum genitalia 
Corpuscula nervorum articularia 

Pili 

Lanugo 

Capilli 

Supercilia 

Cilia 

Barba 

Tragi 

Vibrissae 

Hirci 

Pubes 

Folliculus pili 

Fundus foUiculi pili 

Collum folliculi pili 
Papilla pili 
Scapus pili 
Radix pili 
Bulbus pili 

Mm. arrectores pilorum 
Flumina pilorum 
Vortices pilorum 
(Vortex coccygeus) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



95 



Tragus ("goat") 

Anterior notch of ear 

Intertragic notch 

Darwinian tubercle of auricle 

Tip of ear 

Posterior sulcus of auricle 

Supratragic tubercle 

Cartilaginous isthmus of ear 

Terminál notch of ear 

Antitragohelicine fissure 

Transverse groove of anthelix 

Groove of crus of helix 

Fossa of anthelix 

Eminence of concha 

Eminence of scapha 

Eminence of triangular fossa 

Auricular ligaments of Valsalva 
Anterior auricular ligament 
Superior auricular ligament 
Posterior auricular ligament 

Larger muscle of helix 

Smaller muscle of helix 

Muscle of tragus 

Pyramidal muscle of ear 

Muscle of antitragus 

Transverse muscle of auricle 

Oblique muscle of auricle 

Muscle of notch of helix 

Organ of smell 

Organ of taste 

Taste buds 

Common integmnent 

Skin 

Grooves of skin 

Ridges of skin 

Retaining bands or folds of skin 

Tactile elevations 

Coccygeal depression 

Caudal ligament 

12 



EpidermiSy or scarf skin 

Horný layer 

Germinative, or Malpighian layer 

Corium, or leather skin 

Proper tunic 
Papillary body 
Papillae 

Subcutaneous tissue 

Adipose panniculus ("garment") (O. 
T. subcutaneous areolar tissue) 

Terminál corpuscles of the nerveš 

Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause 
Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or 

Pacini 
Touch corpuscle of Meissner 
Genital corpuscles of the nerveš 
Articular corpuscles of the nerveš 

Hairs 

WooUy hair 

Hairs of the head 

Hairs of the eyebrows 

Eyelashes 

Hairs of the beard 

Hairs of the ear 

Hairs of the nose 

Axillary hairs 

Pubic hairs 

Hair foUicle 

Fundus of hair foUicle 

Neck of hair foUicle 
Papilla of hair 
Shaft of hair 
Root of hair 
Bulb of hair 

Arrector muscles of the hairs 
Hair streams 
Hair whirlpools 
Coccygeal whirlpool 



96 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ungues 

Matrix unguis 
Cristae matricis unguis 
Sukus matricis unguis 

Vallum unguis 

Corpus unguis 

Radix unguis 

Lunula 

Margo occultus 

Margo liber 

Margo lateralis 

Stratům corneum unguis 

Stratům germinativum unguis 

Glandulae cutis 

Gl. glomiformes 

Gl. sudoriferae 

Corpus gl. sudoriferae 

Ductus sudoriferus 

Poruš sudoriferus 

Sudor 
Gl. ciliares [Molli] 



Gl. circumanales 
Gl. ceruminosae 
Cerumen 



Glandulae sebaceae 

Sebum cutaneum 

Mamma 

Papilla mammae 
Corpus mammae 
Lobi mammae 

Lobuli mammae 
Ductus lactiferi 

Sinus lactiferi 
Lac femininum 
Colostrum 
Areola mammae 

GL sebaceae 

Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] 
Mamma virilis 
(Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et 

viriles]) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



96 



Nails 

Bed of the nail 

Crest of ungual matrix 
Sulcus of ungual matrix 

Wall of nail 

Body of nail 

Root of nail 

Lunule 

Hidden margin 

Free margin 

Lateral margin 

Horný layer of nail 

Germinative layer of nail 

Glands of the skin 

Coil glands 

Sweat glands 

Body of sweat gland 

Sweat duet 

Sweat póre 

Sweat 
Glands of the eyelashes of Moll 



Circumanal glands 
.Wax glands 
Wax 

Sebaceous glands 

Cutaneous sebum 

Breast 

Nipple of the breast 
Body of the breast 
Lobes of the breast 

Lobules of breast 
Lactiferous duet 

Laetiferous sinus 
Female milk 
Colostrum 
Areola of breast 

Sebaeeous glands 

Areolar glands of Montgomery 
Male breast 
Aecessory breasts, female and male 



97 



Anaxomical N0M£NCLATUSE 



Regíones corporís humaní 

auctoribus Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt. 



Linea mediána anterior 
Linea mediána posterior 
Linea sternalis 
Linea parasternalis 



Linea mamillaris 
Linea axillaris 
Linea scapularis 



infer 







REGIONS oř THE HUMAN BODY 97 



Regions of the human body 

After the authors Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt-, 

Anterior medián line Mammillary line 

Posterior medián line Axillary line 

Sternal line Scapular line 
Parastemal line 



98 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Regiones capitis 
Regio frontalis 
Regio supraorbitalis ^ 
Regio parietalis 
Regio occipitalis 
Regio temporalis 
Regio auricularis 
Regio mastoidea 
Regiones faciei 
Regio nasalis 



Regio parotideomasseterica 

Fossa retromandibularis 
Regiones colli 
Regio colli anterior 

Regio submentalis 

Regio hyoidea 

Regio subhyoidea 

Regio laryngea 

Regio thyreoidea 

Regio suprasternalis 




Regio oralis 


Fossa jugularis 


Regio labialis superior 


Regio submaxillaris 


Regio labialis inferior 


Fossa carotica 


Regio mentalis 


Regio sternocleidomastoidea 


Regio orbitalis 


Fossa supraclavicularis minor 


Regio palpebralis superior 


Regio colli lateralis 


Regio palpebralis inferior 


Fossa supraclavicularis major 


Regio infraorbitalis 


Trigonum omoclaviculare 


Regio buccalis 


Regio colli posterior 


Regio zygomatica 


Regio nuchae 



ReGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 



98 



Regions of the head 
Region of the forehead 
Supraorbital region 
Parietal region 
Region of the occiput 
Region of the temple 
Region of the ear 
Region of the mastoid 
Regions of the face 
Region of the nose 



Parotideomasseteric region 

Retromandibular fossa 
Regions of the neck 
Anterior region of neck 
Region under the chin 
Region of the hyoid 
Region below hyoid 
Region of the larynx 
Region of the thyreoid 
Region above sternum 



Region of the mouth 
Region of the upper lip 
Region of the lower lip 
Region of the chin 
Region of the eye 
Region of upper eyelid 
Region of lower eyelid 
Infraorbital region 
Region of the cheek 
Region of the zygoma 



Jugular fossa 

Region below lower jaw 

Carotid fossa 
Region of the sternocleidomastoid 

Lesser supraclavicular fossa 
Region of the side of the neck 

Larger supraclavicular fossa 

Omoclavicular triangle 
Region of the back of the neck 

Region of the napě 



99 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fovea nuchae 
Regiones pectoris 
Regio pectoris anterior 
Regio sternalis 
Regio clavicularis 
Regio infraclavicularis 

Trigonum deltoideopectorale 
Regio mammalis 
Regio inframammalis 
Regio pectoris lateralis 
Regio axillaris 
Fossa axillaris 



Regio mediána dorsi 
Regio interscapularis 
Regio scapularis 
Regio suprascapularis 
Regio infrascapularis 
Regio lumbalis 
Regio coxae 
Regio sacralis 
Regio glutaea 
Regio perinealis 

Regio analis 

Regio urogenitalis 




Regio costalis lateralis 
Regiones abdominis 
Regio epigastrica 
Regio hypochondriaca 
Regio mesogastrica 

Regio umbilicalis 

Regio abdominalis lateralis 
Regio hypogastrica 

Regio pubica 

Regio inguinalis 
Regiones dorsi 



Regio pudendalis 

Regiones extr.emitatis su 

p e rio r i s 
Regio acromialis 
Regio' deltoidea 
Regio brachii lateralis 
Regio brachii medialis 
Regio brachii anterior 
Regio brachii poster ior 
Regio cubiti anterior 

Fossa cubitalis 



ReGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 



99 



Nuchal depression 
Regíons of the breast 
Anterior region of breast 
Region of the sternum 
Region of the clavicle 
Region below clavicle 

Deltoideopectoral triangle 
Region of the mammary gland 
Region below mammary gland 
Lateral region of the breast 
Region of the axilla 
Axillary pit 



Medián region of the back 
Interscapular region 
Region of the scapula 
Region above scapula 
Region below scapula 
Lumbar region 
Region of the hip 
Region of the sacrum 
Region of the buttocks 
Region of the perineum 

Anal region 

Urogenital region 



Lateral region of ribs 
Regions of abdomen 
Epigastric region 
Hypochondriac region 
Mesogastric region 

Region of umbilicus 

Lateral region of abdomen 
Hypogastric region 

Region of the pubes 

Region of the groin 
Regions of the back 



Pundendal region 

Regions of upper extrém- 

ity 

Region of the acromioii 
Region of the deltoid 
Lateral region of upper arm 
Medial region of upper arm 
Anterior region of upper arm 
Posterior region of upper arm 
Anterior region of elbow 
Fossa of elbow 



lOO 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Regio cubiti posterior 

Regio olecrani 
Regio cubiti lateralis 
Regio cubiti medialis 
Regio antibrachii volaris 
Regio antibrachii dorsalis 
Regio antibrachii radialis 
Regio antibrachii ulnaris 
Regio dorsalis manus 
Regio volaris manus 
Regiones digitales [manus] 

Regiones dorsales digitorum 

Regiones unguiculares 

Regiones volares digitorum 
Regiones extremitatisin 

f e r i o r is 
Regio femoris anteríor 

Fossa subinguinalis 
Regio femoris lateralis 

Regio trochanterica 
Regio femoris posterior 



Regio femoris medialis 
Regio genu anterior 

Regio patellaris 
Regio genu posterior 

Fossa poplitea 
Regio cruris anterior 
Regio cruris posterior 

Regio suralis 
Regio cruris lateralis 
Regio cruris medialis 
Regio malleolaris lateralis 
Regio malleolaris medialis 

Regio retromalleolaris lateralis 

Regio retromalleolaris medialis 
Regio calcanea 
Regio dorsalis pedis 
Regio plantaris pedis 
Regiones digitales pedis 
Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis 
Regiones unguiculares 
Regiones plantares digitorum pedis 



ReGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 



lOO 



Posterior region of elbow 

Region of olecranon 
Lateral region of elbow 
Medial region of elbow 
Volar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of forearm 
Radiál region of forearm 
Ulnar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of the hand 
Volar region of the hand 
Regions of the digits of the hand 

Dorsal regions of digits 

Regions of the nails 

Volar regions of digits 
Regions oflower extrém- 

ity 
Anterior region of the thigh 

Fossa below the groin 
Lateral region of thigh 

Region of the trochanter 
Posterior region of thigh 



Medial region of thigh 
Anterior region of the knee 

Region of the patella 
Posterior region of knee 

Popliteal fossa 
Anterior region of the leg 
Posterior region of leg 

Region of the calf 
Lateral region of leg 
Medial region of leg 
Region of lateral malleolus 
Region of medial malleolus 

Lateral retromalleolar region 

Medial retromalleolar region 
Region of the heel 
Region of the dorsum of foot 
Region of the sole of the foot 
Regions of the digits of the foot 
Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot 
Regions of the nails 
Plantar regions of the digits of the foot 



lOI EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CeRTAIN OF THE TeRMS 



Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms. 

While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the 
names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto háve been ušed 
with diřferent meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term, 
not to be found in any of the text-books, is included. 

To indicate the exact meaning of these, Professor His, with the approval of 
the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for 
example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the 
body are explained, transversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus 
across the axis of the organ concerned. The word iniermedius is ušed for the 
position midway between medialis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta- 
position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medidis; between 
anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is 
retained. The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of " glands" 
and "lymphglands." In connectíon with generál terms it is noted that discus 
means " disc," while meniscus means " crescent." In the osteological notes 
the terms glabdla, infundibulum ethmoidale, and sulci paraglenoidales are, 
among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Fars lacrimalis m. orhicularis 
oř Horner^s muscle, the M, qtcadratus labii superioris (the old " Mm. levator labii 
superioris proprius, levator labii superioris alaeque naši and zygomaticus minor" 
combined), the Raphe pferygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transversi of the palmár 
aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum jundiforme penis, the Falx 
inguinalis (the old " conjoined " tendon or Henle's ligament), and the Ligamen- 
tum interjoveolare (Hesselbach's ligament) are made in connection with myology. 

Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer- 
tain new terms háve been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological 
grounds. The Recessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as 
is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Fars analis 
recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato- 
mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and 
larynx háve been drawn from the speciál literatuře. The less familiar of these 
in the nose — Limen naši, atrium meatus medii, agger naši, Sídcus olfactorius, 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus naši communis, 
Frocessus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei — are explained. In the larynx marked 
precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been 
made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria háve been doně away 



AnATOMICAL NoMENCLATURE I02 

with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names 
for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annulus 
urethralis vesicce, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostakB, Isthmus prostatcB, 
Collicídus seminalis (the old CaptU gallinaginis) are especially dealt with. 

As might háve been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic 
floor and the pelvic f ascia. Af ter the notes were written the Commission changed 
Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale, The floor of the pelvic 
cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus- 
cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis, suggested by H. Meyer, is given; 
the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica jasciae pelvis, that below 
it the Fascia injerior diaphragmatis pelvis, The two parts of the Fascia pelvis 
are designated Fars diaphragmatica and Fars endopelvina, instead of, as of 
yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms 
are ušed only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus 
íendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to 
the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities 
reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus jasciae pelvis 
is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable 
from one another. 

The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across 
between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua- 
tum) open for the passage of the Véna dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described 
as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia- 
phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old "deep layer of the triangular liga- 
ment"), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old " superficial 
layer of the triangular ligament"). These two fasciae are fused at their upper 
and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper 
margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis, The compartment between 
the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous 
urethra with its M, sphincter urethrae membratuicece. In the compartment lie 
the M. transversus projundus, Cowper's glands, and numerous venous plexuses. 
The term "Fascia perinei propria" has been dropped; it was ušed in so many 
different ways that students were confused by it. 

The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By 
Membrána mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining 
after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels, 
lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal 
cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus 
lienalis, is important. The Flica gastropancreatica is explained. 

The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig. 
falciforme hepatis for obvious reasons. 

On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made: 
Lig. suspensorium ovarii. Bursa ovarica, and Farametrium. 



'.T 



103 EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CeRTAIN OF THE TeRMS 

The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are 
in generál wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented 
on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated. 

The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature 
based on the embryological studies of His, and those familiar with his work 
will find but little new in them. 

These notes are not more f uUy incorporated into this volume for two reasons : 
(i) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch. 
f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), ^^^ (2) they would háve incon- 
veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication. 



B.. acromiális 




R. digltorum 
pedis dorsalis 



ILtexnparalis — 



R.acroinialis 



Il.cubitl 
iatecálls 



B..dlgitáles 
voCixes 




Tossa retromalledlarlslateralis 
E. . retromaUe datís lateiális . 



Fossa TetroTaálleólaris 
lateralis 



R.malleolaxis 
lateralis 



A 



LIST OF BOOKS 



ON 



Anatomy, Physiology, 
Histology, Biology, 
Embryolo^y, Zoology 




PublisKed by 

P. Blakision's Son & Co 

Philadelphie. 




Illuatr&ted Circulara ment to 
any Address upon Application 



Arran^ed upon an Embryolo^ical Basis 
Just Ready 

StoKr s Histology 

Sixth American, froni the TTrelfth Gerinan Edtlion. 
Revised and Arran^ed by TREDERIC T. LE"WIS 

Asststaní Projessor oj Fmbryology al Ihe Harvard Medical School, 
With 450 IllustratioDS 45 m Colors Octavo; ix -\- 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

THE need of a text book of histology airanged upon an embryological basis 
bas long been íelt and the opportunity to accomplish tbis arrangement 
was promptly embraced wben Professor Stobr's generous permission was 
given to adapt a new edition of bis book to American needs. As a leading 
Professor of Histology says, " the book is now in its arrangement and treatment 
sometbing adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject. 
The illustrations lUuslraCe, the text inslructs." 

The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is ušed throughout. 




Fíc 159 iSeduceS) — Eubeyonic Heabts 
A and B, /rom Rabbtís g days afler anlus C íriim a human embryo al 3 (_?) weeks; D and 
E jrom a 1 9 mm pig (D secttoned on Ihe Ují oj the medián septum, attd E on Ike right oj 
ti) F, jrom a 13 6 mm kuman embryo, sediontd likc E. 

Synopsis of Contents.^MiCROscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell; 
Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of 
Cells; Cytomorpbosis. General Histology: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes- 
enchyma!, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood 
Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital 
Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. The Prepara- 
TION AND ExAMiNATioN OF MicHoscoPicAL Specimens: Fresh Tissues; Isola- 
tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcilication ; Imbedding; Staining and Mount- 
ing; General Stains; Speciál Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction. 



An Amcrícanized Fourth Editíon Rewritten and Rcvised 

NEARLY READY 

Morris' Human Anatomy 

A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and Englisli Authors 

EDITED BY 

HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMTJRRICH 

F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D, 

ConsuUing Surgeon io, and formcrly Ltcturer Frojenor oj Anatomy, University oj Michi- 

on Surgery and Anatomy al MiddtesBX gnn; Member Association o) American 

Hosfiial, London, and Examiner in Anal- Analomisis ; Member o) Advisory Baard, 

omy. University of Durkam, etc. Wistar Institute oj Anatomy, etc. 

For the first tíme in the history of this famoua work, American anatomists háve been 

asked to contribute originál articles and lo rewrite and revise sections, the object in 

this báng the desire to incorporate the very imporiiant results of recent investigations 

in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become intemat- 

ional in scope. andwith jtswidening 

/ -" of view, of even greater usefulness 

reduced" "■• *-° ^ English-speakiog students. 

one-lialj in jíeb. ^^ Among the American contributore 

-^^i- will be noted J. Playfair McMur- 

,-r»>. JÍ^"**- "'^''' ^' J' '^^"7' Ii^ng Hardesty, 

G. Carl Huber, Abram T. Keir, 

^' -. ^_ Charles R. Bardeen and Florence 

1^^^ ' R.Sabin. Henry Morris, R.Marcus 

Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head 

-"•^ the English contributois. 

The V^m^zcLES Unrolled. (Ajler MacCaUum.) j^^ ^^^ j^^ ^^^ completely 

{Nole.—!t ii 7tol poísibU m this space U, give a ™,; -j „ j , additional fpatiiif 

thoroughiy representalive Hiustralion. Tlu,t slunun is 'y^ea, ana an aaoitional leature 

OTU oj a series depicling — according to Projessor Mac- of merit will be found in its con- 

Callum, oj Johns Hopkins University— Ihe jnU tkát fonmty with the new Aaatom- 

(fe }^art may be considerea as tkree $ot bands.) .^^ HomencUture (BNA).* 

Věry especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra- 

tíons, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially 

incrcased. 

Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One 
Kandsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, S6.co. Sheep oř Haif Morocco. 
$7.00, net. Oř in Five Parts, as follows. each part sold separately. 
PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index. 
PART II. Muscles. Oi^ans of Circulation. Index. 
PART m. Nervous System. Organs of Speciál Sense. Index, 
PART IV. Organsof Digestion; of VoiceandRespiration. Urinary and Reproductive 

Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Indes. 
PART V. Suipcal and Topographical Anatomy. Index. 



E-ntomology 

"Wlíh Speciál Reference to Its Biolo^ical and Eco- 

• nomic ^spects 

By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc.D. (Harv.) 

Instructor in Entomology at the University of Illinois, 

Five Plates, i Colored, and 300 other lUustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

"'Entomology/ by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other 
American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist 
or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful 
work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore 
known where to find."— MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereál and 
Forage Crops Insect InvesUgalions, Department of AgrictUture at Washington, 

A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing 
demand for a biological treatment of entomology. The aim has been to introduce 
much materiál that, hitherto, has not appeared ín the text-books; and though 
adapted for studenta and teachers of entomology and zoology (being the only book 
that fiUs the actual teaching requirements) it will also be valuable to the profess- 
ional and amateur entomologists and to the generál reader, especially on accoimt 
of its consideration of economic subjects. The book contains, in small compass, 
authenticated facts that háve had to be sought in many foreign languages. The 
new illustrations, which are many, háve been prepared by the author: the others 
háve been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources. 

Synopsis of Contents: Classification. — ^Anatomy and Physiology. — ^De- 
velopment. — ^Adaptations of Aquatic Insects. — Color and Coloration. — Adap- 
tive Coloration. — Origin of Adaptations and of Species. — Insects in Relation 
to Plants; to other Animals. — Interrelations of Insects. — Insect Behavior. — 
Distribution. — Insects in Relation to Man. — Literatuře. — Index. 

''This is an eminently satisfactory work on insects, both from the 
standpoint of the school and of the generál reader. It is the first 
adequate treatment of this subject as adapted to the science of 
entomology, and at the samé time to agriculture, horticulture and 
forestry. It teaches every fact about insects that it is desirable to 
know from the point of view of popular science, and literally all 
that need be known from the economic. This is an admirable reál- 
ization of the dream of the schoolmaster and of the generál reader 
for a book at once comprehensi\íe, concise and attractive." — Journal 
of Education, Boston. 

"Of high, practical importance " (Outlook), "it is a complete and concise account 
of insect life, planned to meet the growing interest in biology " (School), " The book 
Í8 a notewortby one " (Psyche), " and is a very valuable addition to the generál work 
on the subject. It covers much ground not touched by the other books on insects " 
(Entomological News), " It is a book to lean upon and draw upon" (School Bulletin), 
'* Will be most useful to the generál student" (Science), 



E.mbryoloďy 



The Development of the 
Human Body 

By J. Playfair AkMurrích, A. M., Ph. D. 

Professor of Anatomy in the University 

of Michigan. 

Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged. 

With 272 Illustratíons. 
i2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

ACÓNCISE statement of the develop-' 
ment of the human body and a foun- 
dation for the proper understanding 
of the facts of anatomy. The comparative 
anatomy and development of the lower ani- 
mals, too, is constantiy referred to, a different 
style t)rpe being ušed for these references. 

The assimilation of the enormous mass of 
facts which constitute what is usually known 
as descriptive anatomy has always been a 
difficult task for the student. Part of the 
difficulty has been due to a lack of informa- 
tion regarding the causes which háve de- 
termined the structure and relations of the 
parts of the body, for without some knowl- 
edge of the " why " things are so, the facts of 
anatomy stand as so many isolated items, 
while with such knowledge they become 
bound together to a continuous whole and 
their study assumes the dignity of a science. 
The great key to the significance of the 
structure and relations of organs is their de- 
velopment, recognizing by that teim the his- 
torícal as well as the individua! development, 

Synopsis of Contents: Past I. — Gen- 
eral Development: The SpemuUozoon and 
Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura' 
tion and FertUization; the Segmentation of the 
Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers; 
The Development of the Exiernal Form of the 
Human Embryo; The MeduUary Groove, 
Notochord, and Mesodermic Somites; The 
Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem- 
branes. Part II. — Organogeny: The De- 
velopment of the Integumentary System; Con- 
nedivé Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys- 
tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems; 
Digestvue Tract and GÍands; Pericardium 
and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and 
the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino- 
genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies; 
Nervous System; Organs of Speciál Sense; 
Post-Natal Development; Index. 

''Right up to áateJ^—Lancet, London, 



A Laboratory Tcxt-Book 
of Embryolo^y 

By Charies S. Minot, S. D., LL D. 

Professor of Histology and Human Em- 

bryology, Harvard University 

Medical School, 

With 218 lUustratioiis, mainly originál. 
Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 net, 

This work is intended prímarily for the use 
of students taking a practical laboratory 
course in Embryology. The authoťs experi- 
ence has led him to believe that the study of 
caref ully selected sections of embryos, accom- 
panied by directions and explanations of the 
significant structures in each section, offers 
many advantages. This conviction has de- 
termined the arrangement of the book. At- 
tention is given chiefly to such points as serve 
to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus- 
trate generál biological principles, and to 
afford insight into pathological processes. 

Synopsis of Contents : General Concep- 
tions. — ^The Early Development of Mam- 
mals. — ^The Human Embryo. — Study of Pig 
Embryos. — Study of Young Chick Embryos. 
— Study of the Blastodermic Vesicle and the 
Segmentation of the Ovum. — Study of the 
Uterus and the Foetal Appendagesin Man. — 
Methods. — ^Index. 

''This new laboratory tezt-book of 
Embryology is worthy of particular 
attention. It is a practical guide of 
a novel and originál type, which is to 
be recommended as a valuable aid in 
laboratory teaching of a difficult ná- 
tuře. It is a valuable addition to the 
list of available tezt-books of Embry- 
ology. In fact, the book stands by 
itself and is an originál departure in 
a very desirable direction, introduc- 
ing the student to the subject by a 
practical method which promises ez- 
cellent results. After a year's ezperí- 
ence with it, we feel much confídence 
in its success." — Bulletin of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. 



First Ccurse In 



Zooloďy 



A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, 
NORMÁL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES 

By T. W. Galloway, PK. D. 

Professor of Biology, James Millikin University^ Decatur^ Illinois. 
With 240 lUustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 ncL 

THE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course 
in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of 
the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically 
for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and 
field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the 
science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus- 
sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus- 
tration of these generál principles. 

Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give 
the work especial merit: (i) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of 
practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can 
cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and 
laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader 
problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to ttie environment, and of 
the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and 
minuté anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work 
is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the 
more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations; 
(7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries. 

Synopsis of Contents: — ^Introduction. — Protoplasm: Its Morphology and 
Physiology. — ^The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology. — From the 
Simple Cell to the Complex Animal. — Cellular Differentiation. — ^Tissues. — Gen- 
eral Animal Fimctions and Their Appropriate Organs. — Promorphology. — ^In- 
dividual Differentiation and Adaptation. — A General Preview of the Animal 
Kingdom. — Protozoa. — Porifera. — Coelenterata. — Unsegmented ' * Worms." — 
Echinodermata. — Annulata: Segmented "Worms." — MoUusca. — Arthropoda. — 
Chordata: Proto-vertebrata. — Chordata : Vertebrata. — ^Pisces. — Amphibia. — Rep- 
tilia. — A ves. — Mammalia. — General. Summary. — A Review Outline. — Appen- 
dix. — Suggestions to Teachers. — Index. 

" Galloway's ' First Course in Zoology ' is one of the authoritative 
tezt-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot 
faii to do so with profit," — School Bulletin, 



TTKe Nervous System o í 

Vertebrates 

By J. B. Jotinston, Pti. D. 

Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University. 

With i8o Hlustrations, the majority from originál drawings. 
Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

THE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous 
systém as a whole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac- 
tors which háve determined the course of evolution. The functional point 
of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat- 
ment of the nervous systém into close relation with the work of recent years on 
the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the 
actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous 
systém aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and 
adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the 
présent time must meet the needs of workers of all grades^ students, investi- 
gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who 
háve had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and 
embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included 
all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat- 
ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance 
and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the 
student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and 
evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, háve 
been employed so far as possible. Much materiál has been coUected which is 
published here for the first time. 

T^wo prominent instrxictors sayi 

"It is an exceedingly useful piece of work,— well doně." "Profes- 
sor Johnston's tezt-book makes a valuable addition to our researches 
and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way 
which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted." 

Synopsis of Contents : — Study of the Nervous System. — General Morphol- 
ogy of the Nervous System. — Development of the Nervous System. — Nerve Ele- 
ments and their Functions. — The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System. — 
Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdi vision; Speciál Cutaneous 
Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus. — ^Visceral Afferent Division. — Olfactory Appar- 
atus. — Somatic Motor Division. — ^Visceral Efferent Division. — Sympathetic 
System. — Centers of Correlation. — Cerebellum. — Centers of Correlation; Mesen- 
cephalon and Diencephalon. — Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere. — Neopal- 
lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter. 



Surgical Anatomy 

A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application 
to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery 

By John B. Deaver» M.D. 

Surgeon-in-Chief to the German Hospital^ Philadelphiay etc, etc. 



'< The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages f rom the 
more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important 
regional landmarks are also mdicated by schematic tracmg. • . In 
summing up the generál excellences of this remarkable work, we can 
accord our unqualifíed praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system- 
atic manner m which the author has carried out his pian, and we can 
commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be 
appreciated." — Medical Record, New York. 

Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 FuU-page 
Plates engraved from originál drawings made by speciál artists from dissec- 
tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection-rooms of the University of 
Pennsylvania. SoM by Subscription^ in Complete Sets Only, Leather oř 
Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, ^30. 00; Half-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges, 
ř33»oo net. 

Synopsis of Contents : (^Number of Illustrations in Parentheses, ) 
Vol. I. — Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24); 
Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. II. — Neck (47); 
Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14); 
Ear (12); Brain (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17); 
Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. III. — Abdomen (74); 
Pel vis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates. 

'' In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention 
that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to 
accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt- 
ful whether any better description ezists in any work in the English 
language." — Journal o] the American Medical Association. 

"The illustrations are lavishly suppUed and are both helpful and 
informing. ... No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in 
existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied 
the needs of the profesšion for at least a generation."— r/^e British Medical 
Journal, London, 

8 



THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM 
OF LABORATORY NOTES 

FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND 
ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES 

Prepared by 

THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A, M. 

Assistant Professor of Zoology^ Kansas State Agricultural College, 
Octavo ; vi + 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $i.oo net. 

Excerpta From the Preface: 

Instructors in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of 
written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes 
hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets fumished the 
student at various times are not unifoím in size and will not fit in with any systém of 
notes which he may be keeping. 

The LoosE Leaf guides are the results of several years' experience in directing 
zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the 
work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the 
studenťs drawings and notes on that particular t3rpe. The recorded information on 
the subject is thus collected together, not only simplifying at the time the work of 
studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future 
reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratoiy guides being thus 
boimd in with the student*s notes, do not become scattered or lost. 

The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief generál 
survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each 
type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given {Parker and 
HaswelTs dassification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints 
on collecting the materiál for class study. Details of structure that are very obscure 
are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is caUed to them. without demonstration. 

Sjrnopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Amceba; Paramcecium; VorticéUa. POR- 
IFERA, Marině Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid; 
Hydroid Medusa, PLATYHELMINTHES. FlaťWortn, ECHINODER- 
MATA, Starfish, ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-fiea; 
Lóbster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider, MOLLUSCA, Fresh-water 
Mussd; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA, Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow, 

''The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college 
courses." — The Nation, 

''It is a most capital iáeeL*\School Bulletin), "and is a most ezcellent sys- 
tém of keeping notes." — Country Life in America. 

ti^^Scheffer^s " Loose Leaf System " is not bound in the usual manner. Each 
leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves 
may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any pláce. 

9 



M 



A Series of Twelve Manikins ot the Head* Nose« TKroat* 
Eye, Ear, Lungs* Heart, Stomach* Kidney, Liver, Foot, 
and Hand* with Descriptions of each. ^ ^ ^ ^ 

One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, JI 1.50 nef. 

The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of 
the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows 
61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the BAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the 
KIDNEYy 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the 
LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33 —A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES. 

The work is issued in book fomi, octavo in size, and embraces twelve 
manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on 
heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact 
when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the 
organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the 
other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only 
when all the outer layers háve been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap 
is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature. 



A Manuál and Atlas of DisSectíOtl 

By Simon Menno Yutzy» M.D. 

Instructor in Os teology and Demonstrátor of Anatomy in the University 

of Michigan, 

With an introduction by J. Playf air McMunich, A.M.* Ph.D. 

Professor of Anatomy y University of Michigan ; author of 
'*A Manuál of Human Embryology^ 

This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of 
the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions 
for proceduře. 

With 314 lUustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages. 
Cloth, í>2.5o net, 

"The authoťs experíence as a teacher has effected an arrange* 
ment likely to be very useful to the student." — New York Medical Journal. 

10 



Mammalian Anatomy 

"WitK Speciál Reference to tKe Cat 

By A.lvin Davison, Fh, D. 

Frofessor o} Biology in LajayeUe CoUege. 

With over loo Illustrations made by 
W. H. Reese, a. M., írom the 
authQr's disseetion&. lamo; 350 
pages. Cloih, %i.y> tat, 

THIS work is intended to acqu^nt 
Che student with the genetal 
structure of the cat, and at the 
Same time introduce him lo some of 
the most importanl morphologic fea- 
tures o£ the Mammalian. All eminent 
zoologisls agree on the desirahiUly o£ 
begimúng zoological work by studying 
one of the higher aitimals. Arain, 
since the majority of college atudents 
háve not time for Ihe acquisition of a 
ťruitíul knowledge of botli vertebratea 
and invertebrates, the study oE tbe 
fonner is a matter of vital importance, 
as it enables the student to become 
famiHar with the anatomy and physi- 
ology of bis own body. It also bas 
the advantage of tbrowing light on tbe 
significant problém of organic evolu- 
tion, such as is not to b« derived from 
the study of invertebrato forms. Pro- 
fessor DavÍ5on's work has a distinct 
placc in biological study. 

Synopsis of Contents : — The Bio- 
logical Sciences — Classification of the 
Animal Kingdom — Preparation and 
Preservation ot Materiál — General 
Structure of a Vertebrate— Tbe Skel- 
eton— The Joints— The Muscles— Or- 
gans of Digestion — The Vascular 
System — Respiratory System — Eiere- 
tory and Reproductive Systems — 
Nervous System — Indei. 
" It ÍB designed to fill the gap between tbe more detailed works and those 
which are merely laboratoiy guides, and to afEord the student who cannot 
pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a geneial idea of the structure 
of a manunal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy, The book 
fumishes an ezcellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superSuity 
of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative 
nátuře, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions oř suggestions, 
for the most part of a generál nature, which will serve as ezcellent topics for 
comment by the teacher oř for collateral investigation under his direction by 
the student. An introductory chapter is dcvoted to an account of useftil 
methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated 
by numerous figures and diagrams." — Science. 




Ventral Aspect of the Bkajm. 



A Text*Book of 



Anatomy for Nurses 



Just Ready 



By Elizabeth R. Bundy» M.D. 

Metnber of the Medical Staff of ihe Womafťs Hospital of Philadelphia, etc, etc; 

latě Adjunct Profes sor of Anatomy y and Demonstrátor of Anatomy in 

the WomarCs Medical College of Pennsylvania ; formerly 

Superintendent of Connecticut Training School 

for Nurses, New Haven, 



nPHE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the 
study of text-books, and conciseness, cleamess and accuracy are essential 
requisites of any work written for her use. In this *' Anatomy for 
Nurses** these requisites are observed, and nurses— ^pupil or graduate — willfind 
in it a satisfaqtory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human 
body which is necessary to the fuU understanding of their important duties. 

Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is 
particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily 
burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of 
the physician, nor does it concem itself with useless abstract or thcoretical 
matters. On the contrary, it ťills a void for a work that is simple, terse, 
didactic, — one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet 
complete in all details of moment therein. 



With a Glossary and 191 lUustrations, 34 of which are Colored. 
i2mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, ř^-TS ^^^> postage prepaid, 

12 



M i s c e 1 1 a n e o u s Books 



Holde i\. 

Holden^s Anatomy 

A Manuál of the Dissections of the Human Body 
By John Langton» F.R.C.S. 

Surgeon tOy and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St, Bartholómew' s Ho špital , 

Seventh Edition* CareřuUy Revised by A. HewsOfl, M.D. 

Demonstrátor of Anatomy y Jefferson Medical Coilege, Fhziadelfhia, etc, 

320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. i2mo. 

Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity. 
435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, Ji. 50 net. 

Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary 
Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations. 

Oil Cloth, $1.50 net, 

''The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead 
of one as formerly. A few alterations háve been made in the text, but 
the generál character of the book is still maintaíned throughout, which 
is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic." — Medical 
Record, New York. 



Human Osteology 

Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored 

Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. 

The General and Microscopical Structure 

of Bone and Its Developnment 

Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised. 

Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S. 
Cind R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S. 

With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, ÍI5. 25 net. 



Landmarks 



—Medical and Surgical 

Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $ .75 «ď/ 



13 



M i s c e 1 1 a n e o u s Books (Continued) 

Gordinier. 

The Gross and Minuté An&tomy of the 

Central Nervous System 

With a Chapter on the Embryology of the 
Central Nervous System 

By H. C. Gordinien A.M.» M.D. 

Profes sor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the 
Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association. 

With 48 Full-page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which 
are printed in Colors and many of which are originál. Large 8vo. Cloth, 
ÍI6.00 ; Sheep oř Half-Morocco, íly.oo, net, 

"It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp 
of originál investígation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra- 
tions, many of which are originál, are well chosen. It is destined to také 
its pláce among the standard books of its class." — N. Y, Medical Journal. 

Broomell. 

Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth 

and Teeth 

By Dr. I. N. Broomell 

Professor of Dental Anatomy, Dental Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the 

Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, 
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome 
Illustrations, the majority of which are originál. Large Octavo. Cloth, 
1)4.50 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, ÍÍ5.50, net, 

"A most excellent manuál and one of the most up-to-date težt- 
books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared 
in recent years." — The American Journal oj Medical Sciences. 

Box and Eccies. 

Clinical Applied XnbÁovay 

or. the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery 
By Charles R.. Box. M.D.. F.R.C.S. 

Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St, Thomas^ s Hospital, 

OLiid W. McAdam £ccles» F.R.C.S. 

Demonstrátor of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew* s HospitaL 
With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 íigures. 8vo ; 471 pages. Cloth, J4.00 net. 

"This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable 
to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet 
appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The pian pursued by the 
authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical 
point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making 
the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this 
with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical 
value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit." — 
Medical Record, New York. 

14 



Miscellaneous Books (Continued) 

Tome.. Dental Anatomy 

A Manuál of Dental Anatomy* Human and Comparative 
^ By C. S. Tomeš. D.D.S. 

263 Illustratipns. Sixth Edition, Revised. i2mo. Cloth, ^4.00 net, 

<< This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor- 
oughly up to dáte and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions. 
At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the 
requisite knowledge for his qualifymg ezammation it has srnce become a 
text-boók for the student of biology in generál. This fact, combined 
with the rapidly increasing literatuře on the subject, has, as the author 
points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to 
dáte. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been 
carried out in an admirable way." — Lancet, London, 

Ballou. 

Cquine Anatomy and Physiology 

By Wm. R Ballou. M.D. 

Latě Profes sor of Equine Anatomy^ New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, 

With 29 Graphic Illustrations. i2mo. Blakiston! s ? Quiz-Compend? Série s, 
Cloth, $1.00 ; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, ;gi.2 5, net, 

"One of Blakiston's series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends 
are based on popular tezt-books and the lectures of prominent prof essors, 
and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present statě 
of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies 
for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will 
answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the 
dissecting room." — Science, 

Compend of Anatomy 

Including Visceral Anatoiny 

By Samxiel O. L. Potter, M.A.. M.D.. M.R.C.P. 

Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical 
College^ San Francisco ; Major and Brigádě Surgeon, U, S, Vol, 

Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables, 

16 Platesand 1.38 ether Illustrations. Blakiston' s ? Quiz-Compend? Series, 

Cloth, $1.00 ; Interleaved for Taking Notes, ^1-25, net, 

" Through the opportunity aff orded a revision by the f rcquent editions 
of this manuál, the author has given a concise and accurate work of 
anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to 
enlarge upon the Information given as the exigencies of the class-room 
demand." — Bulletin o] the American Academy of Medicine. 

15 



A Text-Book of 

Human Physiology 

By A. P. Brubaker^ M.D. 

Profes sor of Physiology and Hygieně at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of 
Physiology^ Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. 

Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356 

other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages. 

Cloth, Jl3»óo; Leather oř Half-Morocco, $4.00, net. 

<<An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down 
to the lat^st dáte. . . . The author's style is lucid, concise, and 
pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every 
respect." — New York Medical Journal. 

Larvdois* 

Human Physiology 

Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy, 

with Speciál Reference to the Require* 

ments of Practical Medicine 

By Dr. L. Landois 

Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the 

University of Greifswald, 

Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 

Edited CLnd Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D. 

Professor of Physiology at Jefferson Medical College ^ Philadelphia^ etc, 

and Augustus A. Eshner* M.D. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine^ Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc, 

With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages. 
Cloth, ;g7.oo j Leather or Half-Morocco, JI8.00, net, 

^' There is no other work of its kind in the English language which 
deals with the normál physiological processes so as to show where the 
physiological merges into the paSiological, and how the facts of pathology 
are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the samé essence as, 
those of physiology. . . . The book will be usefuL to practitioners 
of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex- 
aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of 
physiology and histology, and an encyclopsedia of reference as well as an 
exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology." — The Lan- 
cetf London, 

^' The author, editor, translator and publisher háve unitedly produced 
a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended 
upon as authoritative." — American Medicine. 

16 



I 

A 
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LANÉ MEDICAL LIBRARY 



To avoid fine, this book shouid be returned on 
or before the dáte last stamped below. 



JUL 1 1 isb 



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